Keywords
Pelleted
extruted
nutrition
pigmentation
carotenoids
fillet yeild
extruted
nutrition
pigmentation
carotenoids
fillet yeild
How to Cite
ABA, M., Driss, B., Khadija, E., & Mohammed, B. (2012). Effects of two pressed and extruded foods on the pigmentation of the flesh and filleting yield of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Research in Biology, 2(3), 222-231. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/index.php/jrb/article/view/210
Abstract
In order to compare the pigmentation of meat thread of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, double pressed and extruded foods, an experimental test was conducted in a fish farm. Comparison of two different formulation of food and energy are performed in different energy requirements. Following this study two plans were formulated that extruded with 42% crude protein, 28% fat and 17% carbohydrate and 50 ppm of astaxanthin while pressed and 44.7% crude protein, 15% fat, 28.6 carbohydrate and 40 ppm of canthaxanthin with 20.9 MJ of digestible energy 16.48 MJ and the initial average weight of trout with 474 g higher in two circular tanks of fresh water open circuit, each group was fed twice a day. After 60 days of experimentation the average weight for the final extruded feed was 759 g (60.12% weight gain) and pressed for the 724 g (52.74%). The best conversion rate was obtained with the feed extruded with1.17 against 1.56 with a survival rate of 98.85% and respectively 97.72%.While for the pigmentation of the skin it was obtained at using the scale of Salmofan 26,46 and 23,35 for the extruded and pressed respectively .Filleting yield was 65.14% for the extruted diet and 60.64% for the pressed diet.
References
Aba M, Belghyti D, Elkharrim K, Benabid M, Elguamri Y and Maychal A. 2011. Effects of two pressed and extruded foods on growth performance and flesh quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sciencelib Editions Mersenne, volume 3 N°111004.
Aba M, Belghyti D, Benabid M. 2011. Effects of two pressed and extruded foods on growth performance of rainbow trout and their environmental impacts . Sciencelib Editions Mersenne, volume 3 N°111205.
Ammar A. 2008. Effect of extruded and non extruded fish pellet on growth performance and total production of nile tilapia and grey mullet fingerings reared in a polyculture system in earthen ponds, 8ème Symposium sur l’aquaculture du tilapia October 12-14, 2008 Cairo, Egypt.
Baker RTM, Pfeiffer AM, Schöner J, Lemmon-Smith L. 2002. Pigmenting efficacy of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in fresh-water reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Animal Feed Science Technology. 99(1/4):97-106.
Baker R and Gunther C. 2004. The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends in FoodScience and Technology, 15:484-488.
Bencze Rora AM. 2001. Primary processing (Evisceration and filleting). In "Farmed Fish Quality" (S. C. Kestin, and P. D. Warris, eds.). Blackwell Science, Bristol, UK. 249-260.
Bjerkeng B, Refstie S, Fjalestad KT, Storebakken T, Rodbotten M, Roem AJ. 1997. Quality parameters of the flesh of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as affected by dietary fat content and full-fat soybean meal as a partial substitute for fish meal in the diet. Aquaculture 157:297-309.
Bjerkeng B. 2001. Carotenoid pigmentation of salmonids fishes – recent progress.Avances en Nutrition Acuicola V Memorias del V Simposium Internacional de Nutrition Acuicola. 19-22 Noviembre, 2000. Merida, Yucatan.
Booth MA, Allan GL, Evans AJ, Gleeson VP. 2002. Effects of steam pelleting or extrusion on digestibility and performance of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus. Aquaculture Research 33:1163-1173.
Brett JR, Groves TD. D. 1979. In fish physiology - VIII (op. cit.) G physiological energetics, 280-282.
Bugeon J, Vandeputte M, Cardinal M, Lefèvre F, Uyanik A, Davenel D, Labbé L, Haffray P. 2006. Amélioration des rendements au filetage et au parage en pisciculture « TRUITAFILET ». Rapport final de la convention OFIMER N°076/04/C.
Bugeon J, Lefevre F, Cardinal M, Uyanik A, Davenel A. Haffray P. 2010. Flesh quality in large rainbow trout with high or low fillet yield.
Bureau DP, Kaushik SJ, Cho CY. 2002. Bioenergetics. In: Fish Nutrition (Eds: Halver, J.E, and Hardy, R.W) Academic Press, 1-59.
Caballero MJ, Obach A, Rosenlund G, Montero D, Gisvold M, Izquierdo MS. 2002. Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue fatty acid composition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 214(1-4):253-271.
Chaiyapechara S, Casten MT, Hardy RW, Dong FM. 2003. Fish performance, fillet characteristics,and health assessment index of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing adequate and high concentrations of lipid and vitamin E.Aquaculture, 219:715-738.
Cho CY, Bureau DP. 2001. A review of diet formulation strategies and feeding systems to reduce excretory and feed wastes in aquaculture. Aquaculture research, 32:349-360,
Choubert G. 1999. Nutrition et alimentations des poissons et crustacés, Caroténoïdes et pigmentation 229-244.
Choubert G, Baccaunaud M. 2006. Colour changes of fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) fed astaxanthin or canthaxanthin during storage under controlled or modified atmosphere Food Science and Technology 39(10)1203-1213.
Corraze G, Kaushik S. 1999. Lipids from marine and freshwater fish. Ocl-Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides 6:111-115.
De Francesco M, Parisi G, Medale F, Lupi P, Kaushik S, Poli BM. 2004. Effect of long-term feeding with a plant protein mixture based diet on growth and body/fillet quality traits of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 236 : 413-29.
Dias J, Alvarez MJ, Diez A, Arzel J, Corraze G, Bautista JM, Kaushik SJ. 1998. Effet du rapport protéine /énergie des régimes alimentaires chez la truite et le bar en élevage .Perspectives de contrôle nutritionnel des dépôts lipidiques.
Einen O, Waagan B, Thomassen MS. 1998. Starvation prior to slaughter in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): I. Effects on weight loss, body shape, slaughter- and fillet-yield, proximate and fatty acid composition. Aquaculture 166(1-2),85-104.
Folch J, Lees M, Sloane-Stanley GH. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animals tissues. J. Biol. Chem., (226):497-509.completer.
Gatta PP, Pirini M, Testi S, Vignola G, Monetti PG , 2000. The influence of different levels of dietary vitamin E on sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax flesh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition. 6:47–52.
Gelineau A, Corraze G, Boujard T, Larroquet L, Kaushik SJ. 2001. Relation between dietary lipid level and voluntary feed intake, growth, nutrient gain, lipid deposition and hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout. Reproduction Nutrition Development 41:487-503.
Guillaume J, Medale F. 2001. Nutrition et alimentations des poissons et crustacés, Nutrition énergétique 87-111.
Guroy D. 2006. Influence of Feeding Frequency on Feed Intake, Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Fed Pelleted or Extruded Diets. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal sciences, 30,171-177.
Kaushik SJ, Oliva-Teles A. 1985. Effect of digestible energy on nitrogen and energy balance in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 50:89-101.
Kaushik SJ, Medale F, Fauconneau B, Blanc D. 1989. Effect of digestible carbohydrates. On protein/energy utilization and on glucose metabolism in iainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture 79:63-74.
Kaushik SJ. 1990. Nutrition et alimentation des poissons et contrôle des déchets piscicoles. La pisciculture française, 101:14-23.
Kaushik SI. 1997. Nutrition-Alimentation et composition corporelle chez le poisson. Cah. Nutr. Diet., 32:100-106.
Kaushik SJ. 1998. Nutritional bioenergetics and estimation of waste production in non salmonids. Aquatic Living Resources, 11:221-217.
Kaushik SJ. 1999. Nutrition glucidique: intérêt et limites des apports de glucides In : Nutrition et alimentation des poissons et crustacés INRA Editions, 171-186.
Kaushik SJ. 2000. Feed formulation, diet development and feed technology CIHEAM, 43-51.
Knockaert C. 2006. Salmonidés d’aquaculture , de la production à la consummation. Editions Quae.327.
Kolditz C-I. 2008. Déterminisme nutritionnel et génétique de la teneur en lipides musculaires chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) : Etude par analyse de l'expression de gènes candidats, du protéome et du transcriptome du foie et du muscle. Thèse, Université de Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux, 420
Lee SM, Kim KD. 2001. Effects of dietaryprotein and energy levems on this growth, protein utilizationand body compositionof juvenile Masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) Brevoort. Aquaculture Research, 32:39-45.
Liu Y Roof S, Ye Z, Barry C, van Tuinen A, Vrebalov J, Bowler C and Giovannoni J. 2004. Manipulation of light signal transduction as a means of modifying fruit nutritional quality in tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol.101, No.26, (June 2004) 9897-9902.
Medale F. 2009. Les sources protéiques dans les aliments pour les poissons d’élevage. Cahiers Agricultures, 18(2-3):103-11
Médale F. 2010. Les lipides des poissons d’aquaculture et leurs facteurs de variation OCL VOL. 17 N° 4 JUILLET-AOÛT 2010
Medale F. 2010. Pratiques d’élevage et qualité nutritionnelle des lipides des poissons Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 45(5):267-273.
Nickell DC, Bromage NR. 1998. The effect of dietay lipid level on variation of flesh pigmentation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 161:237-251.
No HK, Storebakken T, 1992. Pigmentation of rainbow trout with astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in freshwater and saltwater. Aquaculture 101, 123-143.
Pfeffer E, Beckman-Toussaint J, Henrichfreise B, Jansen HD. 1991. Effect of extrusion on efficiency of utilisation of maize starch by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 96:293-303.
Pokniak. 1999. Effects of pelletization or extrusion of the fattening diet on production performance of pan size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Arch. Med. vet. 31 (1):141-150.
Regost C, Arzel J, Cardinal M, Laroche M, Kaushik SJ. 2001. Fat deposition and flesh quality in seawater reared, triploid brown trout (Salmo trutta) as affected by dietary fat levels and starvation. Aquaculture 193(3-4):325-345.
Ricker WE. 1979. Growth rates and models. In: W.S.Hoar, D.J. Randall and J.R. Brett (Eds.), Fish Physiology Vol. VIII: Bioenergetics and Growth Academic Press, New York: 677-743.
Quillet E, Guillou S, Aubin J, Labbé L, Fauconneau B, Médale F. 2007. Response of a lean muscle and a fat muscle rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) line on growth, nutrient utilization, body composition and carcass traits when fed two different diets. Aquaculture 269:220-231.
R Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Richard N, Kaushik SJ, Larroquet L, Panserat S, Corraze G. 2006. Replacing dietary fish oil by vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br. J. Nutr., 96:200-309.
Silas SO, Hung, Trono S. 1994. Carbohydrate utilization by Rainbow Trout Is Affected by Feeding Strategy. Journal of nutrition 124:223-230.
Silver GR, Higgs DA, Dosanjh BS, Mckeown BA, Deacon G, Frenche D. 1993. Effect of dietary protein to lipid ratio on growth and chemical composition of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in seal water. Ln: KAUSHIK S. J, Luquet P. (Eds.) Fish nutrition in practice, Biarritz (France), June 24-27, 1991. Les Colloques, No. 61. INRA, Paris, 459-468.
Song LP, AN L, Zhu, YA, Li, X, Wang Y. 2009. Effects of dietary lipids on growth and feed utilization of jade perch, Scortum barcoo. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40(2):266-273.
Spannhof L, Plantikow H. 1983. Studies on carbohydrate digestion in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 30:95-108.
Torrissen O. 1986. Pigmentation of salmonids - a comparison of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin as pigment sources for rainbow trout. Aquaculture 53:271-278.
Torrissen O. 1989. Pigmentation of salmonids: interactions of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on pigment deposition in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 79:363-374.
Torstensen BE, Lie Ø, Hamre K. 2001. A factorial experimental design for investigation of effects of dietary lipid content and pro- and antioxidants on lipid composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues and lipoproteins. Aquaculture Nutrition, 7:265-276.
Watanabe T. 1982. Lipid nutrition in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 73:3-15.
Zoccarato I, Sicuro B, Gasco L, Palmegiano GB, Boccignone M, Bianchini ML. 1996. Use of pelletised or extruded diet at two feeding levels: effect on performance and body composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rivista Italiana Acquacoltura, 31:107-118.
Aba M, Belghyti D, Benabid M. 2011. Effects of two pressed and extruded foods on growth performance of rainbow trout and their environmental impacts . Sciencelib Editions Mersenne, volume 3 N°111205.
Ammar A. 2008. Effect of extruded and non extruded fish pellet on growth performance and total production of nile tilapia and grey mullet fingerings reared in a polyculture system in earthen ponds, 8ème Symposium sur l’aquaculture du tilapia October 12-14, 2008 Cairo, Egypt.
Baker RTM, Pfeiffer AM, Schöner J, Lemmon-Smith L. 2002. Pigmenting efficacy of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in fresh-water reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Animal Feed Science Technology. 99(1/4):97-106.
Baker R and Gunther C. 2004. The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends in FoodScience and Technology, 15:484-488.
Bencze Rora AM. 2001. Primary processing (Evisceration and filleting). In "Farmed Fish Quality" (S. C. Kestin, and P. D. Warris, eds.). Blackwell Science, Bristol, UK. 249-260.
Bjerkeng B, Refstie S, Fjalestad KT, Storebakken T, Rodbotten M, Roem AJ. 1997. Quality parameters of the flesh of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as affected by dietary fat content and full-fat soybean meal as a partial substitute for fish meal in the diet. Aquaculture 157:297-309.
Bjerkeng B. 2001. Carotenoid pigmentation of salmonids fishes – recent progress.Avances en Nutrition Acuicola V Memorias del V Simposium Internacional de Nutrition Acuicola. 19-22 Noviembre, 2000. Merida, Yucatan.
Booth MA, Allan GL, Evans AJ, Gleeson VP. 2002. Effects of steam pelleting or extrusion on digestibility and performance of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus. Aquaculture Research 33:1163-1173.
Brett JR, Groves TD. D. 1979. In fish physiology - VIII (op. cit.) G physiological energetics, 280-282.
Bugeon J, Vandeputte M, Cardinal M, Lefèvre F, Uyanik A, Davenel D, Labbé L, Haffray P. 2006. Amélioration des rendements au filetage et au parage en pisciculture « TRUITAFILET ». Rapport final de la convention OFIMER N°076/04/C.
Bugeon J, Lefevre F, Cardinal M, Uyanik A, Davenel A. Haffray P. 2010. Flesh quality in large rainbow trout with high or low fillet yield.
Bureau DP, Kaushik SJ, Cho CY. 2002. Bioenergetics. In: Fish Nutrition (Eds: Halver, J.E, and Hardy, R.W) Academic Press, 1-59.
Caballero MJ, Obach A, Rosenlund G, Montero D, Gisvold M, Izquierdo MS. 2002. Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue fatty acid composition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 214(1-4):253-271.
Chaiyapechara S, Casten MT, Hardy RW, Dong FM. 2003. Fish performance, fillet characteristics,and health assessment index of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing adequate and high concentrations of lipid and vitamin E.Aquaculture, 219:715-738.
Cho CY, Bureau DP. 2001. A review of diet formulation strategies and feeding systems to reduce excretory and feed wastes in aquaculture. Aquaculture research, 32:349-360,
Choubert G. 1999. Nutrition et alimentations des poissons et crustacés, Caroténoïdes et pigmentation 229-244.
Choubert G, Baccaunaud M. 2006. Colour changes of fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) fed astaxanthin or canthaxanthin during storage under controlled or modified atmosphere Food Science and Technology 39(10)1203-1213.
Corraze G, Kaushik S. 1999. Lipids from marine and freshwater fish. Ocl-Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides 6:111-115.
De Francesco M, Parisi G, Medale F, Lupi P, Kaushik S, Poli BM. 2004. Effect of long-term feeding with a plant protein mixture based diet on growth and body/fillet quality traits of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 236 : 413-29.
Dias J, Alvarez MJ, Diez A, Arzel J, Corraze G, Bautista JM, Kaushik SJ. 1998. Effet du rapport protéine /énergie des régimes alimentaires chez la truite et le bar en élevage .Perspectives de contrôle nutritionnel des dépôts lipidiques.
Einen O, Waagan B, Thomassen MS. 1998. Starvation prior to slaughter in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): I. Effects on weight loss, body shape, slaughter- and fillet-yield, proximate and fatty acid composition. Aquaculture 166(1-2),85-104.
Folch J, Lees M, Sloane-Stanley GH. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animals tissues. J. Biol. Chem., (226):497-509.completer.
Gatta PP, Pirini M, Testi S, Vignola G, Monetti PG , 2000. The influence of different levels of dietary vitamin E on sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax flesh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition. 6:47–52.
Gelineau A, Corraze G, Boujard T, Larroquet L, Kaushik SJ. 2001. Relation between dietary lipid level and voluntary feed intake, growth, nutrient gain, lipid deposition and hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout. Reproduction Nutrition Development 41:487-503.
Guillaume J, Medale F. 2001. Nutrition et alimentations des poissons et crustacés, Nutrition énergétique 87-111.
Guroy D. 2006. Influence of Feeding Frequency on Feed Intake, Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Fed Pelleted or Extruded Diets. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal sciences, 30,171-177.
Kaushik SJ, Oliva-Teles A. 1985. Effect of digestible energy on nitrogen and energy balance in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 50:89-101.
Kaushik SJ, Medale F, Fauconneau B, Blanc D. 1989. Effect of digestible carbohydrates. On protein/energy utilization and on glucose metabolism in iainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture 79:63-74.
Kaushik SJ. 1990. Nutrition et alimentation des poissons et contrôle des déchets piscicoles. La pisciculture française, 101:14-23.
Kaushik SI. 1997. Nutrition-Alimentation et composition corporelle chez le poisson. Cah. Nutr. Diet., 32:100-106.
Kaushik SJ. 1998. Nutritional bioenergetics and estimation of waste production in non salmonids. Aquatic Living Resources, 11:221-217.
Kaushik SJ. 1999. Nutrition glucidique: intérêt et limites des apports de glucides In : Nutrition et alimentation des poissons et crustacés INRA Editions, 171-186.
Kaushik SJ. 2000. Feed formulation, diet development and feed technology CIHEAM, 43-51.
Knockaert C. 2006. Salmonidés d’aquaculture , de la production à la consummation. Editions Quae.327.
Kolditz C-I. 2008. Déterminisme nutritionnel et génétique de la teneur en lipides musculaires chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) : Etude par analyse de l'expression de gènes candidats, du protéome et du transcriptome du foie et du muscle. Thèse, Université de Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux, 420
Lee SM, Kim KD. 2001. Effects of dietaryprotein and energy levems on this growth, protein utilizationand body compositionof juvenile Masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) Brevoort. Aquaculture Research, 32:39-45.
Liu Y Roof S, Ye Z, Barry C, van Tuinen A, Vrebalov J, Bowler C and Giovannoni J. 2004. Manipulation of light signal transduction as a means of modifying fruit nutritional quality in tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol.101, No.26, (June 2004) 9897-9902.
Medale F. 2009. Les sources protéiques dans les aliments pour les poissons d’élevage. Cahiers Agricultures, 18(2-3):103-11
Médale F. 2010. Les lipides des poissons d’aquaculture et leurs facteurs de variation OCL VOL. 17 N° 4 JUILLET-AOÛT 2010
Medale F. 2010. Pratiques d’élevage et qualité nutritionnelle des lipides des poissons Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 45(5):267-273.
Nickell DC, Bromage NR. 1998. The effect of dietay lipid level on variation of flesh pigmentation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 161:237-251.
No HK, Storebakken T, 1992. Pigmentation of rainbow trout with astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in freshwater and saltwater. Aquaculture 101, 123-143.
Pfeffer E, Beckman-Toussaint J, Henrichfreise B, Jansen HD. 1991. Effect of extrusion on efficiency of utilisation of maize starch by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 96:293-303.
Pokniak. 1999. Effects of pelletization or extrusion of the fattening diet on production performance of pan size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Arch. Med. vet. 31 (1):141-150.
Regost C, Arzel J, Cardinal M, Laroche M, Kaushik SJ. 2001. Fat deposition and flesh quality in seawater reared, triploid brown trout (Salmo trutta) as affected by dietary fat levels and starvation. Aquaculture 193(3-4):325-345.
Ricker WE. 1979. Growth rates and models. In: W.S.Hoar, D.J. Randall and J.R. Brett (Eds.), Fish Physiology Vol. VIII: Bioenergetics and Growth Academic Press, New York: 677-743.
Quillet E, Guillou S, Aubin J, Labbé L, Fauconneau B, Médale F. 2007. Response of a lean muscle and a fat muscle rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) line on growth, nutrient utilization, body composition and carcass traits when fed two different diets. Aquaculture 269:220-231.
R Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Richard N, Kaushik SJ, Larroquet L, Panserat S, Corraze G. 2006. Replacing dietary fish oil by vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br. J. Nutr., 96:200-309.
Silas SO, Hung, Trono S. 1994. Carbohydrate utilization by Rainbow Trout Is Affected by Feeding Strategy. Journal of nutrition 124:223-230.
Silver GR, Higgs DA, Dosanjh BS, Mckeown BA, Deacon G, Frenche D. 1993. Effect of dietary protein to lipid ratio on growth and chemical composition of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in seal water. Ln: KAUSHIK S. J, Luquet P. (Eds.) Fish nutrition in practice, Biarritz (France), June 24-27, 1991. Les Colloques, No. 61. INRA, Paris, 459-468.
Song LP, AN L, Zhu, YA, Li, X, Wang Y. 2009. Effects of dietary lipids on growth and feed utilization of jade perch, Scortum barcoo. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40(2):266-273.
Spannhof L, Plantikow H. 1983. Studies on carbohydrate digestion in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 30:95-108.
Torrissen O. 1986. Pigmentation of salmonids - a comparison of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin as pigment sources for rainbow trout. Aquaculture 53:271-278.
Torrissen O. 1989. Pigmentation of salmonids: interactions of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on pigment deposition in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 79:363-374.
Torstensen BE, Lie Ø, Hamre K. 2001. A factorial experimental design for investigation of effects of dietary lipid content and pro- and antioxidants on lipid composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues and lipoproteins. Aquaculture Nutrition, 7:265-276.
Watanabe T. 1982. Lipid nutrition in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 73:3-15.
Zoccarato I, Sicuro B, Gasco L, Palmegiano GB, Boccignone M, Bianchini ML. 1996. Use of pelletised or extruded diet at two feeding levels: effect on performance and body composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rivista Italiana Acquacoltura, 31:107-118.
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