Keywords
Herbal Remedies
Glucose Transporter (GLUT)
mRNA
Glucose Transporter (GLUT)
mRNA
How to Cite
Al-Shaqha, W. M. (2015). Anti-Diabetic potential of herbal remedies on the glucose transport gene (GLUT) in liver and skeletal muscles. Journal of Research in Biology, 5(8), 1885-1895. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/index.php/jrb/article/view/403
Abstract
For a long time, several herbal medicines have been used for the treatment of diabetes in the form of compound drugs. Moreover, after the references made by researchers on diabetes mellitus, investigations on the hypoglycemic activity of compound drugs from medicinal plants have been more important. Although, the molecular mechanisms behind this effect is not much explored yet. There are various approaches to reduce the diabetes effect and its secondary complications, and herbal drugs are more preferred due to its less side effects and low cost. One of the major factors in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by free radicals. Therefore antidiabetic compounds with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial. It is hypothesized that the insulin mimetic effect, hypoglycemic effect and β-cell function of herbal remedies might add to glucose uptake through improvement in the expression of genes of the glucose transporter (GLUT) family in liver and skeletal muscles. Here we selected some plants with the ability to control blood glucose as well as to modulate some of the mechanisms involved in insulin resistance like β-cell function, glucose transport (GLUT) gene and incretin related pathways. Therefore, plants remedies may be appealing as an alternative and adjunctive treatment for diabetes mellitus.
References
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Attele AS, Zhou YP, Xie JT, Wu JA, Zhang L, Dey L, Pugh W, Rue PA, Polonsky KS and Yuan CS. (2002). Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Diabetes, 51(6):1851–1858.
Augustin R. (2010). The protein family of glucose transport facilitators: It's not only about glucose after all. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology life, 62(5):315–33.
Basch E, Ulbricht C, Kuo G, Szapary P and Smith M. (2003). Therapeutic applications of fenugreek. Alternative Medicine Review, 8(1):20–27.
Baynes JW and Thorpe SR. (1997). The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Current Opinion Endocrinology, 3:277–284.
Bever BO and Zahnd GR. (1979). Plants with oral hypoglycemic action. Quart Journal of Crude Drug Research, 17(3-4):139–146.
Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK and Bandyopadhyay U. (2002). Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica). Current Science, 82(11):1336–1345.
Boden G. (1996). Fatty acids and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care, 19(4):394-5.
Boyle JP, Engelgau MM, Thompson TJ, Goldschmid MG, Beckles GL, Timberlake DS, Herman WH, Ziemer DC and Gallina DL. (1999). Estimating prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in a population of African Americans with diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149(1):55–63.
Cashen A, Lopez S, Gao F, Calandra G, MacFarland R, Badel K and DiPersio J. (2008). Aphase II Study of plerixafor (AMD3100) plus G-CSF for autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization in patients with hodgkin lymphoma. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 14(11):1253–1261.
Chakrabarti S, Biswas TK, Rokeya B, Ali L, Mosihuzzaman M, Nahar N, Khan AK and Mukherjee B. (2003). Advanced studies on the hypoglycemic effect of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in type 1 and 2 diabetes in Long Evans rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84(1):41–46.
Chattopadhyay RR, Chattopadhyay RN, Nandy AK, Poddar G and Maitra SK. (1987). Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem). Bulletin Calcutta School Tropical Medicine, 35:29–33.
Chattopadhyay RR, Chattopadhyay RN, Nandy AK, Poddar G and Maitra SK. (1987). The effect of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica on glucose uptake and glycogen content in the isolated rat hemidiaphragm. Bulletin Calcutta School Tropical Medicine, 35:8–12.
De Fronzo RA, Jacot E, Jequier E, Maeder E, Wahren J and Felber JP. (1981). The effect of insulin on the disposal of intravenous glucose. Results from indirect calorimetry and hepatic and femoral venous catheterization. Diabetes, 30(12):1000–1007.
Garvey WT, Maianu L, Huecksteadt TP, Birnbaum MJ, Molina JM and Ciaraldi TP. (1991). Pretranslational suppression of a glucose transporter protein causes insulin resistance in adipocytes from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 87(3):1072–1081.
Habeck M. (2003). Diabetes treatments get sweet help from nature. Nature Medicine, 9(10):1228-1236.
Ikemoto S, Thompson KS, Takahashi M, Itakura H, Lane MD and Ezaki O. (1995). High fat diet-induced hyperglycemia: prevention by low level expression of a glucose transporter (GLUT4) minigene in transgenic mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 92(8):3096–3099.
Kamble SM, Jyotishi GS, Kamlakar PL and Vaidya SM. (1996). Efficacy of Coccinia indica W and A in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Research in Ayurveda Siddha, 17:77–84.
Kannel WB and McGee DL. (1979). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 241(19):2035–2038.
Kannur DM, Hukkeri VI and Akki KS. (2012). Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seed extracts in rats. Fitoterapia, 77(7-8):85-97.
Karunanayake EH, Welihinda J, Sirimanne SR and Sinnadorai G. (1984). Oral hypoglycemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11(2):223–231.
Kaur R, Afzal M, Kazmi I, Ahamd I, Ahmed Z, Ali B, Ahmad S and Anwar F. (2012). Polypharmacy (herbal and synthetic drug combination): a novel approach in the treatment of type-2 diabetes and its complications in rats. Journal of Natural Medicines, 15:273-287.
Kern M, Wells JA, Stephens JM, Elton CW, Friedman JE, Tapscott EB, Pekala PH, and Dohm GL. (1990). Insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle is determined by glucose transporter (GLUT-4) protein level. Biochemical Journal, 270(2):397–400.
Kim SH, Hynn SH and Choung SY. (2006). Antidiabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. Journal of Ehthnopharmacopia, 104(1-2):119–23.
King H, Aubert RE and Herman WH. (1998). Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates and projections. Diabetes Care, 21(9):1414–1431.
Kubish HM, Vang J, Bray TM and Phillips JP. (1997). Targeted over expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase protects pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress. Diabetes, 46(10):1563–1566.
Kumari K, Mathew BC and Augusti KT. (1995). Antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Industrial Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 32(10):49–54.
Leahy JL, Hirsch IB, Peterson KA and Schneider D. (2010). Targeting β-cell function early in the course of therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95(9):4206–4216.
Lipinski B. (2001). Pathophysiology of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetic Complications, 15(4):203–210.
Marles RJ and Farnsworth NR. (1995). Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine, 2(2):137–189.
Naftalin RJ and Holman GD. (1977). Transport of sugars in human red cells. In: Ellory JC, Lew VL, editors. Membrane transport in red cells. New York: Academic Press, 257–300.
Naziroglu M and Cay M. (2001). Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium on the oxidative defense mechanisms in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Biological Trace Element Research, 79(2):475–488.
Oberlay LW. (1988). Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radical Biological Medicine, 5(2):113–124.
Oubre AY, Carlson TJ, King SR and Reaven GM. (1997). From plant to patient: an ethnomedical approach to the identification of new drugs for the treatment of NIDDM. Diabetologia, 40(5):614–617.
Rai V, Iyer U and Mani UV. (1997). Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissue lipid in diabetic rats. Plant Food For Human Nutrition, 50(1):9–16.
Roman-Ramos R, Flores-Saenz JL and Alaricon-Aguilar FJ. (1995). Antihyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 48(1):25–32.
Sabu MC and Kuttan R. (2002). Anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81(2):155–60.
Schmincke KH. (2003). Medicinal Plants for forest conservation and healthcare. Non-Wood Forest Products, vol. 11, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. http://www.fao.org/3/a-w7261e.pdf, Accessed 28 Aug 2015.
Sharma SR, Dwivedi SK and Swarup D. (1997). Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 58(1):39–44.
Shaw JE, Sicree RA and Zimmet PZ. (2010). Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 87(1):4–14.
Sheela CG and Augusti KT. (1992). Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 30(6):523–526.
Shibib BA, Khan LA and Rahman R. (1993). Hypoglycemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase and elevation of liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate ehydrogenase. Biochemical Journal, 292(1): 267–270.
Singh J, Cumming E, Manoharan G, Kalasz H and Adeghate E. (2011). Medicinal chemistry of the anti-diabetic effects of momordica charantia: active constituents and modes of actions. Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal, 5(2):70–77.
Slentz CA, Gulve EA, Rodnick KJ, Henriksen EJ, Youn JH and Holloszy JO. (1992). Glucose transporters and maximal transport are increased in endurance-trained rat soleus muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(2):486–92.
Thorens B and Mueckler M. (2010). Glucose transporters in the 21st Century. American Journal of Physiology and Endocrinology Metabolism, 298(2):E141–145.
Thorens B, Wu YJ, Leahy JL and Weir GC. (1992). The loss of GLUT2 expression by glucose unresponsive beta cells of db/db mice is reversible and is induced by the diabetic environment. Journal of Clinical Investigator, 90(1):77–99.
Tourrel C, Bailbe D, Meile MJ, Kergoat M and Portha B. (2001). Glucagon-Like peptide-1 and exendin-4 stimulate β-cell neogenesis in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats resulting in persistently improved glucose homeostasis at adult age. Diabetes, 50(7):1562–1570.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Atlanta, Ga: National Diabetes Fact Sheet: National Estimates and General Information on Diabetes and pre Diabetes in the United States.
Vats V and Yadav SP. (2004). Grover, Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin induced alteration in glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 90(1):155–160.
Vats V, Grover JK and Rathi SS. (2002). Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpus marsupium Linn in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79(1):95–100.
Wadood A, Wadood N and Shah SA. (1989). Effects of Acacia arabica and Caralluma edulis on blood glucose levels on normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 39(8):208–212.
Waleed MS, Khan M, Salam N, Azzi A and Chaudhary AA. (2015). Anti-diabetic potential of Catharanthus roseus Linn. and its effect on the glucose transport gene (GLUT-2 and GLUT-4) in streptozotocin induced diabetic wistar rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15:379.
Zacharias NT, Sebastian KL, Philip B and Augusti KT. (1980). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic effects of garlic in sucrose fed rabbits. Industrial Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 24(2):151–154.
Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM and Shaw J. (2001). Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature, 414(6865):782–7.
Attele AS, Zhou YP, Xie JT, Wu JA, Zhang L, Dey L, Pugh W, Rue PA, Polonsky KS and Yuan CS. (2002). Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Diabetes, 51(6):1851–1858.
Augustin R. (2010). The protein family of glucose transport facilitators: It's not only about glucose after all. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology life, 62(5):315–33.
Basch E, Ulbricht C, Kuo G, Szapary P and Smith M. (2003). Therapeutic applications of fenugreek. Alternative Medicine Review, 8(1):20–27.
Baynes JW and Thorpe SR. (1997). The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Current Opinion Endocrinology, 3:277–284.
Bever BO and Zahnd GR. (1979). Plants with oral hypoglycemic action. Quart Journal of Crude Drug Research, 17(3-4):139–146.
Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK and Bandyopadhyay U. (2002). Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica). Current Science, 82(11):1336–1345.
Boden G. (1996). Fatty acids and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care, 19(4):394-5.
Boyle JP, Engelgau MM, Thompson TJ, Goldschmid MG, Beckles GL, Timberlake DS, Herman WH, Ziemer DC and Gallina DL. (1999). Estimating prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in a population of African Americans with diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149(1):55–63.
Cashen A, Lopez S, Gao F, Calandra G, MacFarland R, Badel K and DiPersio J. (2008). Aphase II Study of plerixafor (AMD3100) plus G-CSF for autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization in patients with hodgkin lymphoma. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 14(11):1253–1261.
Chakrabarti S, Biswas TK, Rokeya B, Ali L, Mosihuzzaman M, Nahar N, Khan AK and Mukherjee B. (2003). Advanced studies on the hypoglycemic effect of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in type 1 and 2 diabetes in Long Evans rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84(1):41–46.
Chattopadhyay RR, Chattopadhyay RN, Nandy AK, Poddar G and Maitra SK. (1987). Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem). Bulletin Calcutta School Tropical Medicine, 35:29–33.
Chattopadhyay RR, Chattopadhyay RN, Nandy AK, Poddar G and Maitra SK. (1987). The effect of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica on glucose uptake and glycogen content in the isolated rat hemidiaphragm. Bulletin Calcutta School Tropical Medicine, 35:8–12.
De Fronzo RA, Jacot E, Jequier E, Maeder E, Wahren J and Felber JP. (1981). The effect of insulin on the disposal of intravenous glucose. Results from indirect calorimetry and hepatic and femoral venous catheterization. Diabetes, 30(12):1000–1007.
Garvey WT, Maianu L, Huecksteadt TP, Birnbaum MJ, Molina JM and Ciaraldi TP. (1991). Pretranslational suppression of a glucose transporter protein causes insulin resistance in adipocytes from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 87(3):1072–1081.
Habeck M. (2003). Diabetes treatments get sweet help from nature. Nature Medicine, 9(10):1228-1236.
Ikemoto S, Thompson KS, Takahashi M, Itakura H, Lane MD and Ezaki O. (1995). High fat diet-induced hyperglycemia: prevention by low level expression of a glucose transporter (GLUT4) minigene in transgenic mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 92(8):3096–3099.
Kamble SM, Jyotishi GS, Kamlakar PL and Vaidya SM. (1996). Efficacy of Coccinia indica W and A in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Research in Ayurveda Siddha, 17:77–84.
Kannel WB and McGee DL. (1979). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 241(19):2035–2038.
Kannur DM, Hukkeri VI and Akki KS. (2012). Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seed extracts in rats. Fitoterapia, 77(7-8):85-97.
Karunanayake EH, Welihinda J, Sirimanne SR and Sinnadorai G. (1984). Oral hypoglycemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11(2):223–231.
Kaur R, Afzal M, Kazmi I, Ahamd I, Ahmed Z, Ali B, Ahmad S and Anwar F. (2012). Polypharmacy (herbal and synthetic drug combination): a novel approach in the treatment of type-2 diabetes and its complications in rats. Journal of Natural Medicines, 15:273-287.
Kern M, Wells JA, Stephens JM, Elton CW, Friedman JE, Tapscott EB, Pekala PH, and Dohm GL. (1990). Insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle is determined by glucose transporter (GLUT-4) protein level. Biochemical Journal, 270(2):397–400.
Kim SH, Hynn SH and Choung SY. (2006). Antidiabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. Journal of Ehthnopharmacopia, 104(1-2):119–23.
King H, Aubert RE and Herman WH. (1998). Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates and projections. Diabetes Care, 21(9):1414–1431.
Kubish HM, Vang J, Bray TM and Phillips JP. (1997). Targeted over expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase protects pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress. Diabetes, 46(10):1563–1566.
Kumari K, Mathew BC and Augusti KT. (1995). Antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Industrial Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 32(10):49–54.
Leahy JL, Hirsch IB, Peterson KA and Schneider D. (2010). Targeting β-cell function early in the course of therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95(9):4206–4216.
Lipinski B. (2001). Pathophysiology of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetic Complications, 15(4):203–210.
Marles RJ and Farnsworth NR. (1995). Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine, 2(2):137–189.
Naftalin RJ and Holman GD. (1977). Transport of sugars in human red cells. In: Ellory JC, Lew VL, editors. Membrane transport in red cells. New York: Academic Press, 257–300.
Naziroglu M and Cay M. (2001). Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium on the oxidative defense mechanisms in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Biological Trace Element Research, 79(2):475–488.
Oberlay LW. (1988). Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radical Biological Medicine, 5(2):113–124.
Oubre AY, Carlson TJ, King SR and Reaven GM. (1997). From plant to patient: an ethnomedical approach to the identification of new drugs for the treatment of NIDDM. Diabetologia, 40(5):614–617.
Rai V, Iyer U and Mani UV. (1997). Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissue lipid in diabetic rats. Plant Food For Human Nutrition, 50(1):9–16.
Roman-Ramos R, Flores-Saenz JL and Alaricon-Aguilar FJ. (1995). Antihyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 48(1):25–32.
Sabu MC and Kuttan R. (2002). Anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81(2):155–60.
Schmincke KH. (2003). Medicinal Plants for forest conservation and healthcare. Non-Wood Forest Products, vol. 11, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. http://www.fao.org/3/a-w7261e.pdf, Accessed 28 Aug 2015.
Sharma SR, Dwivedi SK and Swarup D. (1997). Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 58(1):39–44.
Shaw JE, Sicree RA and Zimmet PZ. (2010). Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 87(1):4–14.
Sheela CG and Augusti KT. (1992). Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 30(6):523–526.
Shibib BA, Khan LA and Rahman R. (1993). Hypoglycemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase and elevation of liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate ehydrogenase. Biochemical Journal, 292(1): 267–270.
Singh J, Cumming E, Manoharan G, Kalasz H and Adeghate E. (2011). Medicinal chemistry of the anti-diabetic effects of momordica charantia: active constituents and modes of actions. Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal, 5(2):70–77.
Slentz CA, Gulve EA, Rodnick KJ, Henriksen EJ, Youn JH and Holloszy JO. (1992). Glucose transporters and maximal transport are increased in endurance-trained rat soleus muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(2):486–92.
Thorens B and Mueckler M. (2010). Glucose transporters in the 21st Century. American Journal of Physiology and Endocrinology Metabolism, 298(2):E141–145.
Thorens B, Wu YJ, Leahy JL and Weir GC. (1992). The loss of GLUT2 expression by glucose unresponsive beta cells of db/db mice is reversible and is induced by the diabetic environment. Journal of Clinical Investigator, 90(1):77–99.
Tourrel C, Bailbe D, Meile MJ, Kergoat M and Portha B. (2001). Glucagon-Like peptide-1 and exendin-4 stimulate β-cell neogenesis in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats resulting in persistently improved glucose homeostasis at adult age. Diabetes, 50(7):1562–1570.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Atlanta, Ga: National Diabetes Fact Sheet: National Estimates and General Information on Diabetes and pre Diabetes in the United States.
Vats V and Yadav SP. (2004). Grover, Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin induced alteration in glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 90(1):155–160.
Vats V, Grover JK and Rathi SS. (2002). Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpus marsupium Linn in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79(1):95–100.
Wadood A, Wadood N and Shah SA. (1989). Effects of Acacia arabica and Caralluma edulis on blood glucose levels on normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 39(8):208–212.
Waleed MS, Khan M, Salam N, Azzi A and Chaudhary AA. (2015). Anti-diabetic potential of Catharanthus roseus Linn. and its effect on the glucose transport gene (GLUT-2 and GLUT-4) in streptozotocin induced diabetic wistar rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15:379.
Zacharias NT, Sebastian KL, Philip B and Augusti KT. (1980). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic effects of garlic in sucrose fed rabbits. Industrial Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 24(2):151–154.
Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM and Shaw J. (2001). Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature, 414(6865):782–7.
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