Keywords
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Nutrient uptake
Drought
Juglans regia
Nutrient uptake
Drought
Juglans regia
How to Cite
Behrooz, A., Vahdati, K., Rejali, F., Lotfi, M., & Leslie, C. (2019). Effects of endomycorrhizal fungi and drought stress on nutrient acquisition of Walnut (Juglans regia L). Journal of Research in Biology, 9(2), 2644-2655. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/index.php/jrb/article/view/490
Abstract
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) are associated with higher plants by a symbiotic association, and benefit plants in uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen and zinc. Walnut is grouped under the drought sensitive crops. Mycorrhizal fungi is the symbiotic relationship between plant roots and beneficial fungi, confering the stress tolerance in the host plants. This stress tolerance improved due to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) colonization can be credited to enhanced mineral nutrition. The effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae (Nicol and Gerd) Gerdemann and Trappe, Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerdemann and a combination of two fungi species (Glomus mix) inoculation on growth and mineral acquisition of three genotypes of Juglans regia L. grown under drought stress condition was studied. Drought stress was applied with holding irrigation for 20 days in the middle of plant growth period. Plants were grown in sandy soil in a greenhouse. The contents of phosphor (P), nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) were higher in Mycorrhizal (M) than Non Mycorrhizal (NM) plants control and drought conditions. Generally, it can be said that mycorrhizal plants of Juglans regia showed higher tolerance toward drought stress than NM plants and their growth improved by AMF colonization. The results indicated that all the physical parameters were enhanced with applying AM fungus.
References
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Al-Karaki GN, Al-Raddad A and Clark RB. 1998. Water stress and mycorrhizal isolate effects on growth and nutrient acquisition of wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 21(5): 891-902.
Allen MF and Boosalis MG. 1983. Effects of two VA-mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance of winter wheat. New Phytologist, 93(1): 67-76.
Allen ON and Allen EK. 1981. The leguminosae, a source book of characteristics, uses and nodulation, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, USA, 729-798 P.
Bagyaraj DJ and Sreeramulu KR. 1982. Preinoculation with VA mycorrhiza improves growth and yield of chilli transplanted in the field and saves phosphatic fertilizer. Plant and Soil, 69(3): 376-381.
Barea JM and Azcon-Aguilar C. 1982. Production of plant growth-regulating substances by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 43(4): 810-813.
Busse MD and Ellis JR. 1985. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus fasiculatum) influence on soybean drought tolerance in high phosphorus soil. Canadion Journal of Botany, 63(12): 2290-2294.
Bradfield EG. 1976. Calcium complexes in the xylem sap of apple shoots. Plant and Soil, 44(2): 495-499.
Clarkson DT. 1984. Calcium transport between tissues and its distribution in the plant. Plant, Cell and Environment, 7(6): 449-456.
Chellappan P. 2000. Transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta) with phosphate transporter gene from Glomus deserticola. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Madras, Chennai, India.
Cooper KM and Losel D. 1978. Lipid physiology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. I. Composition of lipids in roots of onion, clover and ryegrass infected with Glomus mosseae. New Phytologist, 80(1): 143-151.
Danneberg G, Latus C, Zimmer W, Hundeshagen B, Schneider-Poetsch HJ and Bothe H. 1992. Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on phytohormone balances in maize (Zea mays L.), Journal of Plant Physiology, 141(1): 33-39.
Draft MJ and Nicolson TH. 1966. Effect of endogone mycorrhiza on plant growth. New Phytologist, 65(4): 343-350.
Doud DD, Nagahashi G, Pfeffer PE, Reider C and Kavser WM. 2002. On-farm production of AM fungus inoculum in mixtures of compost and vermiculite. Bio Resource Technology, 97(6): 285-90.
Druge V and Schonbeck F. 1992. Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection on transpiration, photosynthesis and growth of flux (Linum usitatissinum L.) in relation to cytokinin levels. Journal of Plant Physiology, 141(1): 40-48.
Gazey C, Abbott LK and Robson AD. 2006. Indigenous and introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to plant growth in two agricultural soils from south-western Australia. Mycorrhiza, 14(6): 809-818.
Gerdemann JW and Nicolson TH. 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 46(2): 235.
Gülpen M, Türk S and Fink S. 1995. Ca nutrition of conifers. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenernaehrung und Bodenkunde , 158(6): 519-527.
Graha JH and JP Syversen. 1984. Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on the hydraulic conductivity of roots of two citrus rootstocks. New phytologist, 97(2): 277-284.
Harison MJ and Van Buuren ML. 1995. A phosphate transporter from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Nature, 378(6557): 626-628.
Hayman DS. 1982. Influence of soils and fertility on activity and survival of vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Phytopathology, 72: 1119-1125.
Jakobson I. 1980. The occurrences of vesicular arbuscular - mycorrhiza in barley and wheat grown in some danish soils with different fertilizer treatments. Plant and Soil, 55(3): 403-414.
Kwapata MB and Hall AE. 1985. Effects of moisture regime and phosphorus on mycorrhizal infection, nutrient uptake and growth of cowpeas (Vigna unquiculata L.). Field Crops Research, 12: 241-250.
Kapoor KK, Mishra MM and Kukreja K. 1989. Phosphate solubilization by soil microorganisms: a
review. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 29: 119-127.
Koide RT and Scheiner RP. 1992. Regulation of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Annul Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 43:557-5891.
Kramer PJ and Boyer JS. 1997. Water relations of plant and soil. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. 495 P.
Krishna KR, Suresh HM, Syamsunder J and Bagyaraj DJ. 1981. Changes in the leaves of finger millet due to VA mycorrhizal infection. New Phytologist, 87: 717-722.
Lambert DH and Baker DE. 1979. The role of Mycorrhizae in the interactions of phosphorus with zinc, copper and other elements. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 976-980.
Lüttge U. 1973. Stofftransport der pflanzen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 280 P.
Manjunath A and Habte M. 1988. The development of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and the uptake of immobile nutrients in Leucaena leucocephala. Plant and soil. 106(1): 97-103.
Levy Y and Krikun J. 1980. Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on Citrus jambhiri water relations, New Phytologist, 85(1): 25-31.
Lin liX, George E and H Marschner. 1996. Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA-mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil. Plant and Soil, 136(1): 48-54.
Marschner H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd ed. Academic Press, London. 889 P.
Mohandas S, Chandre GMJ, Manamohan M. 2004. Popularization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) inoculum production and application on farm. Ishs Acta Horticulturae 638: XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Sustainability of Horticultural Systems in the 21st Century. ed Bertschinger L Anderson JD. Toronto. Canada.
Menge JA. 1983. Utilization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61(3): 1015-1024.
Mosse B. 1973. Advances in the study of vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhiza .Annual Review Phytopathology, 11(3): 1711-194.
Mosse B and Herper C. 1975. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in root organ culture. Physiological Plant Pathology, 5(3): 215-223.
Murdoch CL, Jakobson JA and Gerdemann JW. 1967. Utilization of phosphorus sources of different availability by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal maize. Plant and Soil, 27(3): 329-334.
Nemec S and Meredith FI. 1981. Amino acid content of leaves in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal citrus root stocks. Annals of Botany, 47(3): 351-358.
Osonubi O, Mulongoy K, Awotoye OO, Atayese MO and Okali DU. 1991. Effects of ectomycorrhizal and vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal 24. Molina R, 1981. Ectomycorrhizal specificity in the fungi on drought tolerance of four leguminous woody seedlings. Plant and Soil, 136(1): 131-143.
Pacovsky RS. 1989. Carbohydrate, protein and amino acid status of glycine - glomus - bradyrhizobium symbioses. Physiologia Plantarum, 75(3): 346-354.
Pacovsky RS and Fuller G. 1988. Mineral and lipid composition of glycine - glomus - bradyrhizobium symbioses, Physiologia Plantarum, 72(4): 733-746.
Parmita Z. 2005. Study of occurrence and association and of arbscular mycorrhizal fungus in medicinal plants of Rajshahi Univesity Campus. M. Sc Thesis. Rajshahi University, Bangladesh.
Sadasivam S and Manicham A. 1996. Biochemical methods, New age International Limited Publishers, 2nd ed. New Delhi, 291 P.
Same BI, Robson AD and Abbott LK. 1983. Phosphorus, soluble carbohydrates and endomycorrhizal infection. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 15(5): 593-597.
Sanni SO. 1976. VA-mycorrhiza in some Nigerian soils, the effects of Gispora gigantea on the growth of rice. New Phytologist, 77: 673-674.
SAS. 2006. Kwangkeun Yi (ed.): Static analysis, 13th International Symposium. Seoul, Korea, August 29-31 P.
Selvaraj T. 1998. Studies on mycorrhizal and rhizobia symbioses on tolerance of tannery effluent treated Prosopis juliflora, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Madras, Chennai, India, 209 P.
Snellgrove RC, Splittstoesser WE, Stribely DP and Tinker PB. 1982. The distribution of carbon and demand of fungal symbiont in leek plants with vesicular arabuscular mycorrhizas, New Phytologist. 92(1): 75-87.
Suzanne MS and Leonard RT. 1984. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of root-exudates of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plant species, Canadion Journal of Botany, 62(6): 1227-1231.
Sreenivasa MN and Bagyaraj DJ. 1989. Use of pesticide for mass production of vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. Plant and Soil, 119(1): 127-132.
Schenck NC and Kinlock RA. 1980. Incidence of mycorrhizal fungi on six field crops in monoculture on a newly cleared woodland site. Mycologia, 72(3): 445-456.
Smith SE and Read DJ. 1997. Mycorrhizal symbiosis,. 2nd ed. Academic Press, London. 605 P.
Tinker PB. 1975. In Symbiosis. 29th Symp: Soc. Exp. Biol. (ed.) D.G. Jennings and DL. Les. Cambridge University Press, 325 P.
Wieneke J and Führ F. 1973. Untersuchungen zur Translokation von 45Ca im Apfelbaum. I. Transport und verteilung in abhängigkeit vom aufnahmezeitpunkt. Gartenbauwissenschaften 38: 91-108.
Zimmermann U, Haase A, Langbein D and Meinzer F. 1993. Mechanisms of long-distance water transport in plants: a reexamination of some paradigms in the light of new evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 341(1295): 19-31.
Al-Karaki GN, Al-Raddad A and Clark RB. 1998. Water stress and mycorrhizal isolate effects on growth and nutrient acquisition of wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 21(5): 891-902.
Allen MF and Boosalis MG. 1983. Effects of two VA-mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance of winter wheat. New Phytologist, 93(1): 67-76.
Allen ON and Allen EK. 1981. The leguminosae, a source book of characteristics, uses and nodulation, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, USA, 729-798 P.
Bagyaraj DJ and Sreeramulu KR. 1982. Preinoculation with VA mycorrhiza improves growth and yield of chilli transplanted in the field and saves phosphatic fertilizer. Plant and Soil, 69(3): 376-381.
Barea JM and Azcon-Aguilar C. 1982. Production of plant growth-regulating substances by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 43(4): 810-813.
Busse MD and Ellis JR. 1985. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus fasiculatum) influence on soybean drought tolerance in high phosphorus soil. Canadion Journal of Botany, 63(12): 2290-2294.
Bradfield EG. 1976. Calcium complexes in the xylem sap of apple shoots. Plant and Soil, 44(2): 495-499.
Clarkson DT. 1984. Calcium transport between tissues and its distribution in the plant. Plant, Cell and Environment, 7(6): 449-456.
Chellappan P. 2000. Transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta) with phosphate transporter gene from Glomus deserticola. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Madras, Chennai, India.
Cooper KM and Losel D. 1978. Lipid physiology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. I. Composition of lipids in roots of onion, clover and ryegrass infected with Glomus mosseae. New Phytologist, 80(1): 143-151.
Danneberg G, Latus C, Zimmer W, Hundeshagen B, Schneider-Poetsch HJ and Bothe H. 1992. Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on phytohormone balances in maize (Zea mays L.), Journal of Plant Physiology, 141(1): 33-39.
Draft MJ and Nicolson TH. 1966. Effect of endogone mycorrhiza on plant growth. New Phytologist, 65(4): 343-350.
Doud DD, Nagahashi G, Pfeffer PE, Reider C and Kavser WM. 2002. On-farm production of AM fungus inoculum in mixtures of compost and vermiculite. Bio Resource Technology, 97(6): 285-90.
Druge V and Schonbeck F. 1992. Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection on transpiration, photosynthesis and growth of flux (Linum usitatissinum L.) in relation to cytokinin levels. Journal of Plant Physiology, 141(1): 40-48.
Gazey C, Abbott LK and Robson AD. 2006. Indigenous and introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to plant growth in two agricultural soils from south-western Australia. Mycorrhiza, 14(6): 809-818.
Gerdemann JW and Nicolson TH. 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 46(2): 235.
Gülpen M, Türk S and Fink S. 1995. Ca nutrition of conifers. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenernaehrung und Bodenkunde , 158(6): 519-527.
Graha JH and JP Syversen. 1984. Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on the hydraulic conductivity of roots of two citrus rootstocks. New phytologist, 97(2): 277-284.
Harison MJ and Van Buuren ML. 1995. A phosphate transporter from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Nature, 378(6557): 626-628.
Hayman DS. 1982. Influence of soils and fertility on activity and survival of vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Phytopathology, 72: 1119-1125.
Jakobson I. 1980. The occurrences of vesicular arbuscular - mycorrhiza in barley and wheat grown in some danish soils with different fertilizer treatments. Plant and Soil, 55(3): 403-414.
Kwapata MB and Hall AE. 1985. Effects of moisture regime and phosphorus on mycorrhizal infection, nutrient uptake and growth of cowpeas (Vigna unquiculata L.). Field Crops Research, 12: 241-250.
Kapoor KK, Mishra MM and Kukreja K. 1989. Phosphate solubilization by soil microorganisms: a
review. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 29: 119-127.
Koide RT and Scheiner RP. 1992. Regulation of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Annul Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 43:557-5891.
Kramer PJ and Boyer JS. 1997. Water relations of plant and soil. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. 495 P.
Krishna KR, Suresh HM, Syamsunder J and Bagyaraj DJ. 1981. Changes in the leaves of finger millet due to VA mycorrhizal infection. New Phytologist, 87: 717-722.
Lambert DH and Baker DE. 1979. The role of Mycorrhizae in the interactions of phosphorus with zinc, copper and other elements. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 976-980.
Lüttge U. 1973. Stofftransport der pflanzen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 280 P.
Manjunath A and Habte M. 1988. The development of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and the uptake of immobile nutrients in Leucaena leucocephala. Plant and soil. 106(1): 97-103.
Levy Y and Krikun J. 1980. Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on Citrus jambhiri water relations, New Phytologist, 85(1): 25-31.
Lin liX, George E and H Marschner. 1996. Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA-mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil. Plant and Soil, 136(1): 48-54.
Marschner H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd ed. Academic Press, London. 889 P.
Mohandas S, Chandre GMJ, Manamohan M. 2004. Popularization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) inoculum production and application on farm. Ishs Acta Horticulturae 638: XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Sustainability of Horticultural Systems in the 21st Century. ed Bertschinger L Anderson JD. Toronto. Canada.
Menge JA. 1983. Utilization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61(3): 1015-1024.
Mosse B. 1973. Advances in the study of vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhiza .Annual Review Phytopathology, 11(3): 1711-194.
Mosse B and Herper C. 1975. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in root organ culture. Physiological Plant Pathology, 5(3): 215-223.
Murdoch CL, Jakobson JA and Gerdemann JW. 1967. Utilization of phosphorus sources of different availability by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal maize. Plant and Soil, 27(3): 329-334.
Nemec S and Meredith FI. 1981. Amino acid content of leaves in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal citrus root stocks. Annals of Botany, 47(3): 351-358.
Osonubi O, Mulongoy K, Awotoye OO, Atayese MO and Okali DU. 1991. Effects of ectomycorrhizal and vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal 24. Molina R, 1981. Ectomycorrhizal specificity in the fungi on drought tolerance of four leguminous woody seedlings. Plant and Soil, 136(1): 131-143.
Pacovsky RS. 1989. Carbohydrate, protein and amino acid status of glycine - glomus - bradyrhizobium symbioses. Physiologia Plantarum, 75(3): 346-354.
Pacovsky RS and Fuller G. 1988. Mineral and lipid composition of glycine - glomus - bradyrhizobium symbioses, Physiologia Plantarum, 72(4): 733-746.
Parmita Z. 2005. Study of occurrence and association and of arbscular mycorrhizal fungus in medicinal plants of Rajshahi Univesity Campus. M. Sc Thesis. Rajshahi University, Bangladesh.
Sadasivam S and Manicham A. 1996. Biochemical methods, New age International Limited Publishers, 2nd ed. New Delhi, 291 P.
Same BI, Robson AD and Abbott LK. 1983. Phosphorus, soluble carbohydrates and endomycorrhizal infection. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 15(5): 593-597.
Sanni SO. 1976. VA-mycorrhiza in some Nigerian soils, the effects of Gispora gigantea on the growth of rice. New Phytologist, 77: 673-674.
SAS. 2006. Kwangkeun Yi (ed.): Static analysis, 13th International Symposium. Seoul, Korea, August 29-31 P.
Selvaraj T. 1998. Studies on mycorrhizal and rhizobia symbioses on tolerance of tannery effluent treated Prosopis juliflora, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Madras, Chennai, India, 209 P.
Snellgrove RC, Splittstoesser WE, Stribely DP and Tinker PB. 1982. The distribution of carbon and demand of fungal symbiont in leek plants with vesicular arabuscular mycorrhizas, New Phytologist. 92(1): 75-87.
Suzanne MS and Leonard RT. 1984. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of root-exudates of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plant species, Canadion Journal of Botany, 62(6): 1227-1231.
Sreenivasa MN and Bagyaraj DJ. 1989. Use of pesticide for mass production of vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. Plant and Soil, 119(1): 127-132.
Schenck NC and Kinlock RA. 1980. Incidence of mycorrhizal fungi on six field crops in monoculture on a newly cleared woodland site. Mycologia, 72(3): 445-456.
Smith SE and Read DJ. 1997. Mycorrhizal symbiosis,. 2nd ed. Academic Press, London. 605 P.
Tinker PB. 1975. In Symbiosis. 29th Symp: Soc. Exp. Biol. (ed.) D.G. Jennings and DL. Les. Cambridge University Press, 325 P.
Wieneke J and Führ F. 1973. Untersuchungen zur Translokation von 45Ca im Apfelbaum. I. Transport und verteilung in abhängigkeit vom aufnahmezeitpunkt. Gartenbauwissenschaften 38: 91-108.
Zimmermann U, Haase A, Langbein D and Meinzer F. 1993. Mechanisms of long-distance water transport in plants: a reexamination of some paradigms in the light of new evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 341(1295): 19-31.
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