Inventory of parasitoids for a biological control of fruits flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Côte d’Ivoire
Abstract
Flies are major pests of fruits in Côte d’Ivoire. The fight against these pests is achieved by using several methods including parasitoids. The study was carried out under orchards semi naturel conditions in southern, central, northern areas of Côte d’Ivoire. An inventory was made after a mass breeding in box containing fruits placed in sterilized and humidified sand. The fruits were covered by muslin. Four species of fly hosts of the parasitoids were listed: Bactrocera invadens, Ceratitis quinaria, Ceratitis cosyra and Dacus bivittatus. Eight species of parasitoids belonging to the Hymenoptera order, Braconidae family and three genera were identified: Diachasmimorpha(D.) tryoni, D. fullawayi, Fopius(F.) arisanus, F. caudatus, F. vandenboschi, F. silvestrii, Psyttalia (P)lounsburyi and P. incisi. The most abundant species were D. tryoni, D. fullawayi, F. arisanus and F. Caudatus. Fruits infested by females of B. invadens and C. cosyra were presented to females of the four parasitoids species. The parasitism rates varied from 26.36 ± 0.31 to 48.95 ± 0.71% on B. invadens and 34.33 ± 0.39 to 52.47 ± 0.33 % on C. cosyra. The highest parasitism rates were recorded with D. tryoni on the two hosts. The species D. tryoni seems to be the best parasitoid to control the populations of fruits flies in Côte d’Ivoire
References
Alemany A, Miranda MA, Alonso R, Escorza CM. 2006. Changes in the spatial and temporal population density of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a citrus orchard. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 4:161-166.
Anonyme. 2007. Menace économique dans le nord. Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources animales, République de Côte d’Ivoire. Bulletin d’information, Août 2007, 2.
Barbet A. 2000. Suivi des populations de Ceratitis spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire dans la perspective d’une lute raisonnée en verger de mangues, CNEARC, mémo. Montpellier, France. 52.
Bautista RC and Harris EJ. 1997. Effects of multiparasitism on the parasitization behavior and progeny development of Oriental fruit fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90:757-764.
Boivin G. 1999. La recherche sur les entomophages : état de la situation. Annales de la société entomolgique de France (N. S.) 35 (suppl):348-355.
Da Silva FF, Meirelles RN, Redaelli LR and Dal Soglio FK. 2006. Diversity of flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) in organic citrus orchards in the Vale do Rio Cai, Rio Grande do Sul, Souttherm Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 35:666-670.
De Meyer M. 1996. Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Pardalaspis) Bezzi, 1918 (Diptera: Tephritidae, Ceratitini). Sytematic Entomology 21:15-26.
De Meyer M. 1998. Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis). Hanckock (Diptera : Tephritidae), Bulletin of Entomological Research 88:257-290.
De Meyer M. 2000. Systematic revision of the subgenus Ceratitis Macleay s. s. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Zoological journal of Linnean Society 128:439-467.
Ekesi S, Ndertu PW and Rwomushana L. 2006. Field infestation, life history and demographic parameters of the fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 96, 4(8):379-386.
Ekesi S, Billah M, N’deritu PW, Lux SA and Rwomushana I. 2009. Evidence for competitive displacement of Ceratitis cosyra by the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera : Tephritidae) on mango and mechanisms contributing to the displacement. J.Econ.Entomol., 102:981-991.
Fruitrop. 2006. Conserve des fruits tropicaux. Importation UE. Supplément annuaire statistique n°137:16.
Hala N. 2001. Lutte contre les mouches des fruits, conv. CNRA/ICIPE, Rapp. Exéc. Tech. 2000, Doc. interne, CNRA, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. 11.
Hala N. 2006. Présence en Côte d’Ivoire d’une nouvelle mouche des fruits :Bactrocera invadens (Diptera, Tephritidea : Dacinae). Note technique CNRA. 4.
Hala N, Quilici S, Gnago AJ, N’Dépo OR, N’Da Adopo A, Kouassi P and Allou K. 2008. Statut of fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Côte d’Ivoire and implications for mango exports, Sugayam R., Zucchi R.A., Ovruski S.M., Sivinski J., Fruit flies of economic importance: from basic to applied Knowledge, Proc. 7 th Int. Symp. Fruit Flies Econom. Importance, Salvador, Brazil, 10-15 September 2006, Moscamed, Brazil. 233-239.
Hawkins BA, Cornell HV and Hochberg ME. 1997. Predators, parasitoids, and pathogens as mortality agents in phytophagous insect populations.Ecology 78:2145-2152.
Hurtrel B. 2000. Biologie du développement et écologie comportementale de deux parasitoïdes de mouches des fruits à La Réunion. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Rennes 1,157.
Kadio EAAB. 2009. Inventaire et quelques aspects de la biologie des parasitoïdes des mouches des fruits. Mémoire de DEA d’Entomologie Générale. Université de Cocody Abidjan (RCI) 63.
Legner EF. 2006. History of biological pest control. Website. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu.12/10/2009.
Llod AC, Hamacek EL, Kopittke RA, Peek T, Wyatt PM, Neale CJ and Elkema M. 2010. Areawide management of fruit flies (Diptera :Tephritidae) in the central burnett district of Queensland, Australia. Crop Protection 29:462-469.
Lopez M, Sivinski JM, Rendon P, Holler TC, Bloem K, Copeland R, Trostle M and Aluja M. 2003. Colonization of Fopius ceratitivorus, a newly discovered African egg-pupal parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Ceratitis capitate (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomologist 86:53-60.
Mwatawala M, De Meyer M, Makundi RH, Maerere AP. 2009. Host range and distribution of fruit-infesting pestiferous fruit flies (Diptera :Tephritidae) in selected areas of Central Tanzania. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99(06):629-641.
N’Depo OR, Hala N, Allou K, Aboua LR, Kouassi P, Vayssières JF, Et De Meyer M. 2009. Abondance des mouches des fruits dans les zones de production fruitières de Côte d’Ivoire : dynamique des popultions de Bactrocera invadens (Diptera, Tephritidae). Fruits 64(5) :313-324.
N’Depo OR, Allou K, Kouassi P, Vayssières JF, Et De Meyer M. 2010. Inventaire des mooches des fruits des trois régions agroécologiques et des plantes hôtes associées à l’espèce nouvelle Bactrocera invadens Drew et al. (Diptera, Tephritidae) en Côte d’Ivoire. European journal of Scientific Research 64(5):313-324.
N’Guetta K and Hala N. 1999. Fruit flies, a bane of mangoes in northern region of Côte d’Ivoire. 2ème atelier sur les mouches des fruits en Afrique organisé par le Réseau Africain de la Mouche des Fruits AFFI/ ICIPE, à Nairobi, février 2000:15-21.
Palacio IP, Ibrahim AG and Ibrahim R. 1991. Interspecific competition among opiine parasitoids of the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). The Philippine Entomologist 8:1087-1097.
Quilici S, Hurtrel B, Messing RH, Montagneux B, Barbet A, Gourdon F, Malvolti A and Simon A. 2004. Successful acclimatization of Psyttalia fletcheri (Braconidae: Opiinae) for biologicalcontrol of the melon fly, Bactrocera
cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Reunion Island. In B. N.Barnes [ed.], Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on fruit flies of economic importance,Stellenbosch, South-Africa, 6-10 May 2002., Isteg Scientific Publication, Irene, South Africa. 457-459.
Ramadan MM, Wong TTY and Beardsley JW. 1992. Reproductive behavior of Biosteres arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-larval parasitoid of the Oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biological Control 2:28-34.
Rocha KL, Mangine T, Harris EJ and Lawrence PO. 2004. Immature stages of Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomologist 87:164-168.
Roessler Y. 1989. Insecticidal bait and cover sprays. In A. S. Robinson and G. Hooper [eds.], Fruit Flies, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control., Elsevier, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands. 329-335.
Rousse P, Gourdon F and Quilici S. 2006. Host specificity of the egg pupal parasitoid Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) in La Reunion. Biological Control 37:284-190.
Rousse P. 2007. Spécificité parasitaire et selection de l’hôte chez un parasitoïde ovo- pupal des mouches des fruits Tephritidae. Thèse de doctorat Université de la réunion 169.
Roux E, Clain CC, Et Souvignet J. 2008. Longévité et fécondité des femelles de Fopuis arisanus, parasitoïde de mouches des fruits, et lâchers en verger de manguiers à la réunion. AFPP8 ème conférence internationale sur les ravageurs en agriculture. Montpellier- 22 et 23 octobre 2008. 400 -407.
Van Driesche RG and Bellows TS Jr. 1996. Biological control. Chapman et Hall (ed), Toronto 40.
Vargas RI, Peck SL, McQuate GT, Jackson CG, Stark JD and Armstrong JW. 2001. Potential for areawide Integrated Pest Management of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a braconid parasitoid and a novel bait spray. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:817-825.
Vargas RI, Ramadan MM, Hussain T, Mochizuki N, Bautista RC and Stark JD. 2002. Comparative demography of six fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biological Control 25:30-40.
Vayssières JF, Fatogoma S, Et Moussa N. 2004. Inventaire des espèces de mouches des fruits (Diptera : Tephritidae) inféodées au manguier au Mali et essais de lutte raisonnée. Fruit, 59 (1):1-14.
Vayssières JF, Korie S and Ayegnon D. 2009. Correlation of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestation of major mango cultivars in Borgou (Bénin) with abiotic and biotic factors and assessment of damage. Crop Protection 28:477-488.
Vayssières JF, Adandonon A, Sinzogan A and Korie S. 2010. Diversity of fruit fly species (Diptera : Tephritidae) associated with citrus crops (Rutaceae) in southern Benin in 2008-2009. Int. J.Biol. Chem. Sci., 4(6):1881-1897.
Wang XG, Messing RH and Bautista RC. 2003. Competitive superiority of early acting species: a case study of opiine fruit fly parasitoids. Biocontrol Science and Technology 13:391-402.
Wharton RA. 2006. Opiine Species and References Databases. Website. http://
hymenoptera.tamu.edu. 30/03/2009.
White IM and Elson- Harris. 1992. Fruit flies of economic importance: their identification and bionomics. Wallingford, Oxor, CAB International
-410.
Wong TTY, Ramadan MM, Mclnnis DO, Mochizuki N, Nishimoto JI, Herr JC. 1991. Augmentative releases of Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to suppress a Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) population in Kula, Maui, Hawaii. Biological Control 1:2-7.
