Effect of environmental factors on seasonal abundance of a coccid in Pteris biaurita L. (Pteridaceae) from Deolo hills, Kalimpong, West bengal
Abstract
Insect – fern interaction is reported as a rare event of phytophagy from Eastern Himalaya. The scale is a host specific opportunistic feeder, feeds exclusively on the abaxial surface of mature pinnae of Pteris biaurita. Population density of the scale exhibited significant linear positive correlation with environmental factors (all r > .56, p< 0.05) of the study site. Rain fall, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity have positive influence over seasonal variation in scale density
References
Auerback MJ and Hendrix SD. 1980. Insect-fern associations: Macrolepidopteran utilization and species area association. Ecol Entomol., 5:99-104.
Balick MJ, Furth DG and Cooper-Driver G. 1978. Biochemical and evolutionary aspects of arthropod predation on ferns. Oecologia 35:55-89.
Barker MS, Shaw SW, Hickey RJ, Rawlin RE and Fetzner JW Jr. 2005. Lepidopteran soral crypsis on Caribbean ferns. Biotropica 37:314-316.
Bera S and Ghorai N. 1995. Polypodiaceous fern as an alternative host for tea pest Toxoptera aurantii Boyer (Aphidae) from Darjeeling Himalayas, West Bengal. Indian Fern J., 12:168-172.
Cooper-Driver GA. 1978. Insect-fern associations. Entomol Exp Appl., 24:310-316.
Ferguson WS and Armitage ER. 1944. The chemical composition of bracken. The J Agric Sci., 34:165-171.
Gay H. 1991. Ant- houses in the fern genus Lecanopteris Reinw. (Polypodiaceae): The rhizome morphology and architecture of L. sarcopus Teijsm. & Binnend. and L. darnaedii Hennipman. Bot J Linn Soc., 106:199-208.
Gerson U. 1979. The association between pteridophytes and arthropods. Fern Gaz., 12:29-45.
Gilman AV and Cooper-Driver G. 1998.Japanese beetle attacks bracken in Vermont. Amer Fern J., 88(1):47-48.
Gomez LD. 1977. The Aztecs ants of Solanopteris brunei. Am Fern J., 67:31.
Hendrix SD. 1980. An evolutionary and ecological perspective of the insect of ferns. Amer Nat., 115 (2):171-196.
Jensen AS and Holman J. 2000. Macrosiphum on ferns: Taxonomy, biology and evolution, including the description of three new species (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Syst Entomol., 25:339-372.
Kaplanis J, Thompson M, Robbins W and Bryce B. 1967. Insect hormones: alpha-ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone in bracken fern. Science 157:1436-1438.
Kirk AA. 1977. The insect fauna of the weed Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Polypodiaceae) in Papua New Guinea: a potential source of biological control agents. J Austral Entomol Soc., 16:403-407.
Kopter S. 1992. Extra-floral nectary – mediated interactions between insects and plants, Insect-plant interactions (Eds., E. Bernays). Boca Raton, CRC Press 4:81-129.
Lawton JH. 1976. The structure of arthropod community on bracken. Bot J Linn Soc., 73:187- 216.
Lawton JH. 1978. Host- plant influences on insect diversity: the effects of space and time. Symp Roy Ent Soc Lond. 9:105-125.
Lawton JH and Price PW. 1979. Species richness of parasites on hosts: Agromyzid files on the British umbelliferae. J Anim Ecol., 48:619-637.
Lawton JH and MacGarvin M. 1985. Interaction between bracken and its insect herbivores. Proc Roy Soc Edinburgh. 86B:125-131.
Lawton JH and Heads PA. 1984. Bracken ants and extrafloral nectaries. I. The components of the system. J Anim Ecol. 53: 995-1014.
Ottosson JG and Anderson JM. 1983. Number, seasonality and feeding habits of insets attacking ferns in Britain: An ecological consideration. J Anim Ecol., 52:397.
Patra B and Bera S. 2007. Herbivore damage to ferns caused by a Chrysomelid beetle from Lower Gangetic Plains of West Bengal, India. Amer Fern J., 97(1):19-29.
Patra B, Bera S and Hickey RJ. 2008. Soral Crypsis: Protective mimicry of a coccid on an Indian fern. J Integr Plant Biol., 50(6):563-658.
Patra B, Bera S and Mehltreter K. 2010. Structure, biochemistry and ecology of entomogenous galls in Selaginella Pal.Beauv. (Selaginellaceae) from India. J Plant Interactions 5 ( 1):29-36.
Rico-Gray V, Gracia-Franco JG, Palacios-Rios M, Diaz-Castelazo C, Parra-Tabla V and Navarro JA. 1998. Geographical and seasonal variation in the richness of ant-plant interactions in Mexico. Biotropica 30:190-200.
Rowell CHF, Rowell-Rahier M, Braker HE, Cooper-Driver G and Gomez LD. 1983. The palatability of ferns and the ecology of two tropical forest grasshoppers. Biotropica. 15:207-216.
Soo Hoo CF and Fraenkel G. 1964. The resistance of ferns to the feeding of Prodenia eridania larvae. Ann Entomol Soc Amer., 57:788-790.
Strong DR and Levin DA. 1979. Species richness of plant parasites and growth form of their hosts. Am Nat., 114:1-22.
Trivedi A and Bhandari NN. 1999. SEM Studies on the ontogeny of asexual reproductive bodies of Thamnostylum piriforme (Brain.)Von ARX and Upadhyay. Phytomorphology 49(3):325-331.