Water quality and environmental assessment of sugar mill effluent
Abstract
Waste water samples from sugar industry were collected and analyzed for various water quality parameters like appearance, colour, odour, temperature, turbidity, Total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity(EC), pH, Total Suspended Solids(TSS), chloride (Cl-), sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total acidity (TA), Iron, Sodium and dissolved phosphate for a period of six months in order to understand the extent of pollution. Sugar mill effluent showed the pH 7.5, low value of dissolved oxygen, high values of BOD (123 mg/l) and electrical conductivity (1799 mmhos/cm) which indicates that it affects the aerobic respiration of organisms and hence it is not suitable for aqua culture and irrigation purposes. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Percent Sodium (PS), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and Water Quality Index (WQI) were computed. Even though SAR (5.41), KR (0.24), PS (40.98) and MR (33.19) are well below the desirable limits suitable for irrigation, high RSC (579.17mg/l) and WQI (114.35) indicate the high pollution nature of sugar mill effluent. Therefore the sugar mill effluent is unsuitable for aquatic life and irrigation. It must be treated before discharge in to the land and water system
References
Ademoroti CMA. 1996. “Standard Method for Water and Effluents Analysis” Foludex Press Ltd. Ibadan. Nigeria.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1985. American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, Standard methods of the examination of water/wastewater, 16th Edition. APHA, AWWA, and WPCF, New York.
American Public Health Association. 1998. American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation (APHA, AWWA and WEF), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edn. Washington, D.C.
Andrew DE, Lenore SC and Arnold EG. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. Jointly prepared by American Water Works Association (AWWA), Water Environment Federation (WEF) and American Public Health Association (APHA). Anonymous. 1993. Statistics, Indian Sugar 43 (7):540.
AOAC. 1998. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Alexandria, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists 432-444.
Bakkialakshmi S and Vinodhini R. 2008. Spectro -chemical study of Ambika Sugar factory waste affected soil and water in Pennadam, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 28(5):405-414.
Borale DD and Patil PR. 2004. Pollution Resident, 23-83.
Bordalo AA, Nilsumranchit W and Chalermwat K. 2001. Water quality and uses of the Bangpakong River (Eastern Thailand), Water Research 35 (15):3635-3642.
Brown RM, Mc clelland NI, Deininger RA and Tozer RG. 1970. A water quality index. Do we dare? Water and Sewage works 117:339-343.
CCME. 2001. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: CCME Water Quality Index 1.0, User’s manual. In: Canadian Environmental quality guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Cude C, Cregon. 2001. Water Quality Index: a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness, American Water Resources Association 37(1):125-137.
Dasarath D, Reddy E and Narasimha. 2005. Quality assessment of Nizam Deccan Sugar Factory effluents and water samples, Chemistry 21(2):283- 286.
Debels P, Figueroa R, Urrutla R, Barra R and Niell X. 2005. Evaluation of water Quality Index, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 110: 301-322.
Deininger RA and Maciunas JJ. 1971. A water quality of environmental and industrial health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Dojlido J, Raniszewski J and Woyciechowska J. 1994. Water quality applied to Rivers in the Vistilia River basin in Poland, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 33:33-42.
Environmental Technology Program for Industry (ETPI). 2001. “Environmental Report on Sugar Sector, Monthly Environmental News, 5th issue 11-27.
Harkins RD. 1974. An objective water quality Index, J. water Poll. Cont. Fed., 3:589-591.
Horton RR. 1965. An index number system for ratingwater quality. J. Wat. Pollut. Control. Fed., 37:300-06.
Jafari N, Trivedy RK and Pathak RK. 2010. Water quality and ecological assessment as indicators for fresh water ecosystem classification, Pollution Resident 29(3):523-537.
Jambhekar HA. 1992. Use of earthworm as a potential source to decompose organic wastes, National Seminar on Organic farming, MPKV, Pune, Proceedings 52-53.
Jeffery GH. 1996. Vogel’s textbook of quantitative chemical analysis (5th edn), Addison Wesley Longman Limited, Harlow, England.
Jhakrani AQ, Samo SR and Nizamani I. 2009. Impact of wastewater effluents on physico-chemical properties of groundwater, Sindh Univ. Res. Jour. (Sci. Ser.) 41(1):75-82.
Jonnalagadda SB and Mhere G. 2001. Water quality of the Odzi River in the eastern high lands of Zimbabwe, Water Research,35:2371-2376.
Kannan N, Karthikeyan G, Vallinayagam P and Tamil Selvan N. 2003. Characterization of industrial waste water from textile industry- A case study, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 23(4):396-402.
Kannan N, Karthikeyan G, Vallinayagam P and Tamil Selvan N. 2004. A study on assessment of pollution load of sugar industrial effluent, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 24(11):856-862.
Kannel PR, Lee S, Lee YS, Kanel SR and Khan SP. 2007. Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for River water classification and urban impact assessment, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 132: 93-110.
Kelley WP. 1951. Alkali soils, their properties and reclamation. Rein Hold Publication Corporation., New York.
Machiraju PVS, Srinivasa Rao V and Murthy YLN. 2009. Characterization of liquid effluent from sugar industry and its applications, Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring 19(5):523-529.
Maliwal GL, Patel KP, Patel KC and Petel MN. 2004. Effect ofcontinuous irrigation of mixed industrial effluent on soil and crops. Pollution Resident 231-169.
Manohar Rao AJ. 1987. Development of Indian sugar industry, Historical Bharathya Sugar Directory, (2nd edn), ISMA, New Delhi.
Mishra PC, Sahoo S. 1999. Production and energetics of earthworm population (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) and metabolism in soil under paper mill waste water irrigation, Ecology and Environment Conservation 3(1):49-61.
Nomulwar Poonam and Patil PM. 2005. Studies on the physicochemical characteristics of the sugar factory effluents, Journal of Aquatic Biology (1):45-48.
Parparov A, Hambright KD, Hakanson L and Ostapenia A. 2006. Water quality quantification: basics and implementation, Hydrobiologia 560:227- 237.
Pesce SF and Wunderlin DA. 2000. Use of water quality indices to verify the impact of Cordoba city (Argentina) on Suquya River, Water Research 34 (11):2915-2926.
Pradhan SK, Dipika Patnaik and Rout SP. 2000. Water Quality Index for the ground water around a phosphatic fertilizer plant, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 21(4):355-358.
Rainwater FH and Thatcher LL. 1960. Methods for collection and analysis of water samples, U.S. Government print office, Washington. D.C., U.S.A.
Rajukkannu K and Manickam TS. 1997. Use of distellary and sugar industry waste in agriculture. In: Proc.Sixth National Symposium on Environment, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India 286-290.
Richards LA. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. US Salinity Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Hand Book-60, Washington, D.C.
Said A, Stevens DK and Sehlke G. 2004. An innovative index for evaluating water quality in streams, Environmental Assessment 34(3):406-414.
Sanchez E, Colmenarejo MF, Vicente J, Rubio A, Garcya MG, Travieso L. 2006. Use of water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indicators of watersheds pollution, Zoological indicators.
Sharma SD and Pande KS. 1998. Pollution study on Ramganga river at Moradhabad, physicochemical characteristics and toxic metals, Pollution Resident 7(2):202-207.
Srinivas CH. 2000. Studies on ground water quality of Hyderabad, Pollution Resident 19(2):285-289.
Thomas JFJ and Lynch JJ. 1960. Determination of carbonate alkalinity in natural waters. Journal of American Water Works Association 52:259.
Tiwari JN and Manzoor A. 1988. Water quality index for Indian rivers, In: Ecology and Pollution of Indian rivers, (R. K. Trivedy, Ed.), Aashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 271-286.
US Salinity Laboratory. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture Hand Book-60, Washington, D.C.
USEPA. 1986. Method by method statistics from Water Pollution (WP) laboratory performance evaluation studies. Quality Assurance Branch, Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Venkatesware Rao A, Singanan M and Kaza Somasekhara R. 1996. Monitoring the quality of effluent from fertilizer industry for irrigation purpose, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 12(1):61-64.
Wilcox HV. 1948. The quality of water for irrigation use. U.S. Department of Agricultural Technology Bulletin., 962.
Young JC, McDermott GN and Jenkins D. 1981. Alterations in the BOD procedure for the 15th edition of standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation 53:1253-1253.
Zambergen PA and Hall KJ. 1998. Analysis of the British Columbia water quality index for watershed managers: A case study of two small watersheds, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 33:519-549.
