Biodegradation of phenol at low and high doses by bacterial strains indigenous to Okrika River in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
Keywords:
Biodegradation, phenol, bacteria, Okrika River
Abstract
Assessments on biodegradation at low and high doses of phenol by bacterial strains indigenous to Okrika River in Niger Delta of Nigeria were carried out. Growth at low dose of 0.01 μg/l phenol showed that highest and lowest cell density values of OD540nm of 0.15 and 0.09 in Pseudomonas sp. SD1 and Citrobacter sp. RW1 while at 1.0 μg/l phenol concentration the highest cell density values of OD540nm of 0.28 was observed in Staphylococcus sp. RW2. The highest specific growth rate of 0.019 h-1 at 500 mg/l of phenol was obtained for Pseudomonas sp. SD1 while Citrobacter sp. RW1 had the lowest specific growth rate of 0.014 h-1 at 500 mg/l of phenol. The specific phenol degradation rate ranges from 55.35 to 130.98 mg/(L.h.OD). The order of specific phenol consumption rate at 1000 mg/l by the organisms is: Bacillus sp. SD3>Pseudomonas sp. SD1>Citrobacter sp. RW1>Staphylococcus sp. RW2. Citrobacter sp. RW1 exhibited highest growth yield in 250 mg/l of phenol with the growth yield of 6.24 (x 10-4 A540 unit.l/mg). The results showed that the test organisms might be the most suitable bacterial strains for removal of phenols at low and high doses in phenolic polluted media.
References
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Yoong ET, Lant PA, Greenfield PF. 1997. The influence of high phenol concentration on microbial growth. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36(2-3): 75 – 79.
Agarry SE and Solomon BO. 2008. Kinetics of batch microbial degradation of phenols by indigenous Pseudomonas fluorescence. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 5 (2): 223 – 232.
Akan JC, Abdulrahman FI, Sodipo OA, Ochanya AE and Askira YK. 2010. Heavy metals in sediments from River Ngada, Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol. 2(9): 131 - 140.
Atlas RM. 1981. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: an environmental perspective. Microbiology Rev. 45(1): 180 – 209.
Bajaj M., Gallert C and Winter J. 2009. Phenol degradation kinetics of an aerobic mixed culture. Biochem. Eng. J. 46(2): 205 – 209.
Chesney RH, Sollitti P, Rubin HE. 1985. Incorporation of Phenol Carbon at Trace Concentrations by Phenol-Mineralizing Microorganisms in Fresh Water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49: 15 – 18.
Cho YG, Rhee SK, Lee ST. 2000. Influence of phenol on biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by freely suspended and immobilized Nocardioides sp. NSP41. Biodegradation 11(1): 21 – 28.
Collins LD and Daugulis AJ. 1997. Characteristics and optimization of a two-phase partitioning bioreactor for the biodegradation of phenol. Appl. Micobiol. Biotechnol. 48(1):18 - 22.
Colwell RR and Walker J.D. 1977. Ecological Aspects of Microbial Degradation of Petroleum in the Marine Environment. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 5(4): 423 - 445.
Folsom BR, Chapman PJ, Pritchard PH. 1990. Phenol and trichloroethylene degradation by Pseudomonas cepcia GA: Kinetics and interaction between substrates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56(5): 1279 – 1285.
Gilbert P and Brown MRW. 1978. Influence of growth rate and nutrient limitation on the gross cellular composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its resistance to 3- and 4- chlorophenol. J. Bactriol. 133(3): 1066 - 1072
Gokulakrishnan S and Gummadi SN. 2006. Kinetics of cell growth and caffeine utilization by Pseudomonas sp. GSC 1182. Proc. Biochem. 41: 1417 – 1421.
Goldstein RM, Mallory LM, Alexander M. 1985. Reasons for Possible Failure of Inoculation to enhance biodegradation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50(4): 977 – 983.
Heinaru E, Truu J, Stottmeister U, Heinaru A. 2000. Three types of phenol and p-cresol catabolism in phenol and p-cresol-degrading bacteria isolated from River water continuously polluted with phenolic compounds. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31(3): 195 – 205.
IAIA09 Conference Proceedings. 2009. Environmental Pollution: A case study of the impact of the Port Harcourt Oil Refinery Company (PHRC), Nigeria. Impact Assessment and Human Well-Being 29th Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment, 16-22 May 2009, Accra International Conference Center, Accra, Ghana (www.iaia.org)
Jaromir M and Wirgiliusz D. 2007. Phenols transformations in the environment and living organisms. Curr. Topics in Bioph. 30 (suppl. A): 24 - 36
Jena HM, Roy GK and Meikap BC. 2005. Development and comparative study of a semi-fluidized bed bioreactor for treatment of wastewater from process industries. Proc. Plant Eng. 23(1): 70 ‐ 75
Joseph V and Joseph A. 1999. Acclimation of algal species following exposure to phenol. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 62(1): 87 - 92.
Kahru A, Maloverjan A, Sillak H. and Pollumaa L. 2002. The toxicity and fate of phenolic pollutants in the contaminated soils associated with the oil-shale industry. Environ Sci. Pollut Res. 1: 27 – 33.
Keweloh H, Weyrauch G, Rehm HJ. 1990. Phenol-induced membrane changes in free and immobilized Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 33(1): 66 - 71.
Kotresha D, Vidyasagar GM. 2008. Isolation and characterisation of phenol-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 4996. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 24(1): 541-547.
Loh KC and Wang SJ. 1998. Enhancement of biodegradation of phenol and a nongrowth substrate 4-chlorophenol by medium augmentation with conventional carbon sources. Biodegradation 8(5): 329 – 338.
Mort SL and Dean-Ross D. 1994. Biodegradation of phenolic compounds by sulphate reducing bacteria from contaminated sediments. Microb. Ecol. 28: 67 – 77.
Nwanyanwu CE, Nweke CO, Orji JC. 2012. Growth responses of petroleum refinery effluent bacteria to phenol. J. Res. Biol. 3: 167 - 177
Nwanyanwu CE and Abu GO. 2011. Assessment of viability responses of refinery effluent bacteria after exposure to phenol stress. J. Res. Biol. 1(8): 594 – 602.
Nweke co, Alisi CS, Okolo JC and Nwanyanwu CE. 2007. Toxicity of zinc to heterotrophic bacteria from a tropical river sediment. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 5(1): 123-132
Otokunefor TV and Obiukwu C. 2005. Impact of refinery effluent on the physicochemical properties of a water body in the Niger Delta. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 3 (1): 61 - 72.
Pahm MA and Alexander M. 1993. Selecting inocula for the biodegradation of organic compounds at low concentrations. Microb. Ecol. 25(3): 275 – 286.
Papadimitriou CA, Samaras P, Sakellaropoulos GP. 2009. Comparative study of phenol and cyanide containing wastewater in CSTR and SBR activated sludge reactors. Biores. Technol. 100: 31 – 37.
Polymenakou PN and Stephanou EG. 2005. Effect of temperature and additional carbon sources on phenol degradation by an indigenous soil Pseudomonad. Biodegradation. 16(5): 403 – 413
Tisler T, Zagorc-Koncan J, Ros M, Cotman M. 1999. Biodegradation and toxicity of wastewater from industry producing mineral fibres for thermal insulation. Chemosphere 38(6): 1347 – 1352.
Ye FX and Shen DS. 2004. Acclimation of anaerobic sludge degrading chlorophenols and the biodegradation kinetics during acclimation period. Chemosphere. 54(10): 1573 – 1580.
Yoong ET, Lant PA, Greenfield PF. 1997. The influence of high phenol concentration on microbial growth. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36(2-3): 75 – 79.
Published
2013-05-06
How to Cite
CE, N., & GO, A. (2013). Biodegradation of phenol at low and high doses by bacterial strains indigenous to Okrika River in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Research in Biology, 3(3), 911-921. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/299
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