Impact of the residue of Deltamethrin and Endosulfan pesticides on biochemical toxicity and some neurotransmitter contents in different brain areas of male Albino mice
Keywords:
Deltamethrin, Endosulfan pesticide, Laboratory-bred strain Swiss albino male mice, neurotransmitter contents (NE, DA and GABA)
Abstract
Evaluating the action of the residues of pesticides on non-target organisms has been of interest to many researchers. The present study aimed to evaluate the pesticides deltamethrin and endosulfan on biochemical toxicity and some neurotransmitter contents in different brain areas of male albino mice. The results showed that the daily oral administration of deltamethrin and endosulfan caused a significant decrease in neurotransmitter contents (NE, DA and GABA) in most of the tested brain areas (cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem and hippocampus). On the other hand a gradual significant reduction, ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activities, while the glucose level and acid phosphatase increase were observed in serum of mice treated with deltamethrin and endosulfan for two weeks. Also, this study has a significant inhibition in the activities of enzymes in liver tissues of treated mice including glutathione reductase. Meanwhile, the activity of lipid peroxide, glycolytic (PK, PFK and GPI) and gluconeogenic enzyme activities (F-1, 6-D-Pase) were significantly increased in liver tissues of treated mice in response to treatment. Additionally, total protein and glycogen content showed a significant reduction in liver tissues of mice treated with deltamethrin and endosulfan for two weeks. It was concluded that the pollution of the aquatic environment by deltamethrin and endosulfan pesticides, would adversely affect the metabolism of the mice.
References
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Ahmed SA and Gad MZ. 1995. Effect of schistosomal infection and its treatment on some key enzymes of glucose metabolism in mice livers. Arzneim Forsch. 45 (12): 1324-1330.
Ahmsd R, Salem NM, Estaitieh H. 2010. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in eggs,chicken and meat in Jordan.Chemosphere,78(6): 667-671.
Ansorge MS, Morelli E, JA. 2008. Gingrich Inhibition of serotonin but not norepinephrine transport during development produces delayed, persistent perturbations of emotional behaviours in mice J. Neurosci., 28(1) : 199-207.
Barlow SM, Sullivan FM, Lines J. 2001. Risk assessment of the use of deltamethrin on bednets for the prevention of malaria, Food Chem. Toxicol., 39 (5): 407– 422.
Baskaran P and Palanichamy S. 1990. Impact of agricultural (ammonium chloride) fertilizer on physiology and biochemistry of fresh water teleost fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, J. Ecobiol., 2 : 97–106.
Bernardi MM and Palermo-Neto J. 1983. Effects of apomorphine administration on locomotor activity of control and experimental rats withdrawn from long-term haloperidol treatment Gen. Pharmacol., 14 (5):545–547.
Belfield A and Goldberg DM. 1971. Hydrolysis of adenosine-monophosphate by acid phosphatase as measured by a continuous spectrophotometric assay. Enzyme. 4(2): 561-566.
Bloom AS, Staaz CG, Dieringer T. 1983. Pyrethroid effects on operant responding and feeding Neurobehav Toxicol. Teratol., 5 (3): 321–324.
Botella B, Crespo J, Rivas A, Gerrillo I, Olea-Serrano F and Olea N. 2004. Exposure of women to organochlorine pesticides in souther Spain.Environ.Res., 96(1):34-40.
Botros SS, Mahmoud MR, Moussa MM, Nosseir MM. 2007. Immunohistopathological and biochemical changes in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice treated with artemether. J. Inf., 55(5):470-477.
Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem.,7 : 248-254.
Broomhall S. 2002. The effects of endosulfan and variable water temperature on survivorship and subsequent vulnerability to predation in Litoria citropa tadpoles. Aquat. Toxical., 61(3-4):243-250.
Buege JA and Aust SD. 1978. Microsomal lipid per oxidation. Meth. Enzymol., 52 : 302-310.
Bucher T and pflrider G. 1975. Pyruvate kinase, In: Methods in Enzymology (SP Colowick , SP Kaplan eds.) Academic Press NY. 435-440.
Buznikov GA, Shmukler YB, Lauder JM. 1996. From oocyte to neuron: do neurotransmitters function in the same way throughout development Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 16 (5):.533–559
Castagna C and Ball GFJ. 1997. Balthazart Effects of dopamine agonists on appetitive and consummatory male sexual behavior in Japanese quail Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.,. 58 :403–414.
Chang CC. 1964. Asensitive method for spectrophoto metric assay of catecholamines. Int. J. Neuropharmacol., 19 (3):643-649.
Chiavegatto S, Nasello AG, Bernanrdi MM. 1998. Histamine and spontaneous motor activity: biphasic changes, receptors involved and participation of the striatal dopamine system Life Sci., 62 (20):875–1888
Ciarlone. AE. 1978. Further modification of a fluorometric method for analyzing brain amines .Michrochemical .J., 23:9-12.
Di Pino G, Moessner R, Lesch KP,. Lauder JM,. Persico AM. 2004. Roles for serotonin in neurodevelopment: more than just neural transmission Curr. Neuropharmacol.,2(4): 403–417.
Dinu D, Marinescu D, Munteanu MC, Staicu ACM, Costache A. 2010. Dinischiotu, Modulatory effects of deltamethrin on antioxidant defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in Carassius auratusgibelio liver and intestine. Arch. Environ. Contam.Toxicol., 58(3):757-764.
El-Shazly AM, Soliman M, El-Kalla MR, Rezk H, El-Nemr HE, Handousa AE, Helmy MM. 2001. Studies on patients with Schitosomiasis mansoni ; HCVand /or typhoid fever .J. Egypt Soc .Parasitol., 31(2): 583-400.
El-Aasar AA, El-Merzabzni MM, Zakhary NI, Farag HI, Abdeen AM, Abd El-Slam I, Mokhtar NM. 1989. Biochemical and biophysical studies on schistosomal liver of mice .Egypt J. Bilh., 11:19-25.
El-Rigal NS, Aly SA, Rizk MZ, Said AA. 2006. Effect of Ailanthus altissima and Ziziphus spina Christi extracts on some hepatic marker enzymes and antioxidants in Shistosoma mansoni infected mice. Pol. J.Food Nutr. Sci., 15/56(2):199-206.
Glowinski J and Iversen, LL. 1966. Regional studies catecholamines in the rat brain .I. The disposition of [3H] norepinephrine, [3H] dopamine and [3H] dopa in various regions of the brain. J. Neurochem., 13:655-669
Harner T, Pozo K, Gouin T, Macdonald AM, Hung H, .Cainey J and Peters A. 2006. Global pilot dtudy for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) using PUP disk passive air samples Environ. Pollut.,144:445-452.
Insel TR, Zohar J, Benkelf ATC, Murphy DL. 1990. Serotonin in obsessions, compulsions, and the control of aggressive impulses Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 600: 574–585.
Jergentz S, Mugni H, Bonetto C, Schulz R. 2004. Runoffrelated endosulfan contamination and aquatic macroinvertebrate response in rural basins near Buenos aires, Argentina. Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol., 46 (3):345-352.
Kaye W. 2008. Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa Physiol. Behav., 94, 121–135
King J. 1965. Glucose phosphate isomerase In : practical Clinical Enzymology. London., 1113-1117.
Klover PJ and Mooney RA. 2004. Hepatocytes critical for glucose homeostsis . Int J Biochem. Cell Biol., 36(5): 753-758.
Konkle ATM and McCarthy MM. 2011. Developmental time course of estradiol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone levels in discrete regions of male and female rat brain. Neuroendocrinology, 152 (1): 223–235.
Leret ML, Rua C, Garcia-Montojo M, Lecumberri, MJC. 2009. González Influence of metyrapone treatment during pregnancy on the development and maturation of brain monoaminergic systems in the rat Acta Physiol., 197 (4) :333–340
Levitt P, Harvey JA, Friedman EK, Simansky EH. 1997. Murphy New evidence for neurotransmitter influences on brain development Trends Neurosci., 20 (6) :269–274
Mansour MM, Farid ZB, Salah LH, Watten 1982. Serum enzymes tests in hepatosplenic schitosomiasis .Trans. R. Soc. Med. Hyg., 76:109-119.
Metwally AA, Janku I, Komper F, Khayyal MT, .Fbeid FA, Botros SS. 1990. Effect of schistosomiasis infection on the clearance of pheazone in mice . Arzneim Forsc., 40(2 Pt 1):206-220.
Moron MS, Depierre JW, Mannervik B. 1979. Level of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathion-s-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochem. Biophys.Acta. 582:67-68.
Mittelstaedt RA, Mei N, Webb PJ, Shaddock JG, .Dobrovolsky VN, .MacGarrity LJ, Morris SM, Chen T, Beland FA, Greenlees KJ, HeXich RH. 2004. Genotoxicity of malachite green and leucomalachite green in female Big Blue B6C3F1 mice. Mut. Res., 561(1-2): 127–138.
Muneoka K, Kuwagata M, Ogawa T,. Shioda S. 2010. Sex-specific effects of early neonatal progesterone treatment on dopamine and serotonin metabolism in rat striatum and frontal cortex Life Sci., 87(23–26):738–742.
Nakano T and Tomlinson N. 1967. Catecholamine and carbohydrate concentrations in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in relation to physical disturbance, J. Fish Res. Board Can. 24 : 1707–1715.
Nicotra A and Schatten G. 1990. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, affects microfilament organization, but not microtubules, during the first division in sea urchin eggs Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 16 (3) :182–189.
Nicholas V, Carroll B, Longley W, Joseph HR. 1956. The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by the use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol Chem., 220(2): 583-593.
Pappas SS, Tiernan CT, Behrouz B, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM, Goudreau JL, KJ. 2010. Lookingland Neonatal androgen-dependent sex differences in lumbar spinal cord dopamine concentrations and the number of A11 diencephalospinal dopamine neurons J. Comp. Neurol., 518 (13): 2423–2436.
Parasad MR, Popescu LM, .Moraru LI, Liu X, Maity S, Engdoman RM, Das DK. 1991. Role of phospholipase A,and C in myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.Am. J. Physiol., 29: 877.
Pozo K, Harner K, Wania F, Muir D, Jones K, Barrie L. 2006. Toward aglobal network for persistent organic pollutants in air: Results from the GAPS study.Environ.Sci.Technol.,40(16):4867-4873.
Rand GM, Carriger JF, Gardinali PR and Castro J. 2010. Endosulfan and its metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, in freshwater ecosystems of South Floride: A probabilistic aquatic ecological risk assessment, Ecotoxicology,19 (5): 879-900.
Retiman S and Frankel S. 1957. Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid and glutamic pyruvic tranaminases . Am. J .Clin. Pathol., 28(1):56-65.
Richardson JR, Caudle WM, Wang M, Dean ED, Pennell KD, Miller GW. 2006. Developmental exposure to the pesticide dieldrin alters the dopamine system and increases neurotoxicity in an animal model of Parkinson's disease J. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 20 (10) :1695–1697.
Sambasiva RKRS. 1999. Pesticide Impact on Fish Metabolism, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 129–149 .
Sand O, .Petersen IM and Emmersen BK. 1980. Changes in some carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and glycogen in liver , glucose and lipid in serum during vitellogensis and after induction by estradiol-17-B in the flounder Platichtys flesusL. Comp .Biochem. Phsiol., 65 : 327.
Simsek S, Koprucu S, Yonar E, Seker E. 2008. Effects of deltamethrin on antioxidant status and oxidative stress biomarker freshwater mussel, Unio elongatulus eucirrus. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 81(3): 253–257.
Slikker W and Schwetz BA. 2003. Childhood obesity: the possible role of maternal smoking and impact on public health.J. Children's Health, 1 (1): 29–40
Steel RGD and Torrie JH. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill Book Company, New York
Sutton I and Simmonds MA. 1973. Effects of acute and chronicethanol on the gama-aminobutyric acid system in rat brain.Biochem. Pharmacol., 22:1685- 1692.
Tilson HA. 2000. Neurotoxicology risk assessment guidelines: developmental neurotoxicology Neurotoxicology, 21(1-2):189–194
Trinder P. 1969. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 6 : 24–27.
US EPA. Reregistration eligibility decision for endosulfan.EPA 738-R-02-013.Pollution pesticides and toxic substances (7508C), United ststes environmental protection agency Http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd 1/REDs/endosulfan_red.pdf.
Usmani KA, Cho TM, Rose RL, Hodgson E. 2006. Inhibition of the human liver microsomal and human cytochrom P450 1A2 and 3A4 metabolism of oestra- diol by deployment-related and other chemicals. Drug Metab. Dispos., 34 (9):1606–1614
Vasanthi RP and Baskaran S. 1990. Palanichamy, Influence of carbofuran on growth and protein conversion efficiency in some fresh water fishes, J. Ecobiol., 2 (1): 85–88.
Villarini M, Moretti M, Pasquini R, Scassellati Sforzolini G, Fatigoni C, Silvano MM, Monarca AV. 1998. Rodriguez, In vitro genotoxic effects of the insecticide Deltamethrin in human peripheral blood leukocytes: DNA damage („comet assay‟) in relation to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and micronuclei, Toxicology 130 (2-3): 129–139.
Vincent S, Ambrose T, Cyrill L, Selvanaygam M. 1995. Biochemical responses of the Indian major carp, Catla catla (Ham.) to chromium toxicity, Indian J. Environ. Health 37 :192–196.
Volpi E, Lucidi P, Cruciani C, Monacchia F, Reoldi G, Brunetti P, Bolli GB and De Feo P. 1997. Nicotinamide counteracts alcohol induced impairment of hepatic protein metabolism in humans. J. Nut., 127 (11): 2199-2204.
Wattiaux R and De Duve C. 1956. Release of bound hydrolase by mean of Triton X-100. Biochem. J., 63: 606-608.
Whitaker-Azmitia PM. 1992. Role of serotonin and other neurotransmitter receptors in brain development: basis for developmental pharmacolog Pharm. Rev., 43, 553–561.
Yousef MI, Awad TI, Mohamed EH. 2006. Deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage and biochemical alterations in rat and its attenuation by Vitamin E. Toxicology 227(3): 240–247.
Zammit VA, Beis I, ENewshlome A. 1978. Maximum activities and effects of fructose biophosphate pyruvatekinase from muscle ofvertebrates and invertebrates in relation to the control of glycolysis Biochem. J., 174(3): 989-917.
Ahmed SA and Gad MZ. 1995. Effect of schistosomal infection and its treatment on some key enzymes of glucose metabolism in mice livers. Arzneim Forsch. 45 (12): 1324-1330.
Ahmsd R, Salem NM, Estaitieh H. 2010. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in eggs,chicken and meat in Jordan.Chemosphere,78(6): 667-671.
Ansorge MS, Morelli E, JA. 2008. Gingrich Inhibition of serotonin but not norepinephrine transport during development produces delayed, persistent perturbations of emotional behaviours in mice J. Neurosci., 28(1) : 199-207.
Barlow SM, Sullivan FM, Lines J. 2001. Risk assessment of the use of deltamethrin on bednets for the prevention of malaria, Food Chem. Toxicol., 39 (5): 407– 422.
Baskaran P and Palanichamy S. 1990. Impact of agricultural (ammonium chloride) fertilizer on physiology and biochemistry of fresh water teleost fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, J. Ecobiol., 2 : 97–106.
Bernardi MM and Palermo-Neto J. 1983. Effects of apomorphine administration on locomotor activity of control and experimental rats withdrawn from long-term haloperidol treatment Gen. Pharmacol., 14 (5):545–547.
Belfield A and Goldberg DM. 1971. Hydrolysis of adenosine-monophosphate by acid phosphatase as measured by a continuous spectrophotometric assay. Enzyme. 4(2): 561-566.
Bloom AS, Staaz CG, Dieringer T. 1983. Pyrethroid effects on operant responding and feeding Neurobehav Toxicol. Teratol., 5 (3): 321–324.
Botella B, Crespo J, Rivas A, Gerrillo I, Olea-Serrano F and Olea N. 2004. Exposure of women to organochlorine pesticides in souther Spain.Environ.Res., 96(1):34-40.
Botros SS, Mahmoud MR, Moussa MM, Nosseir MM. 2007. Immunohistopathological and biochemical changes in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice treated with artemether. J. Inf., 55(5):470-477.
Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem.,7 : 248-254.
Broomhall S. 2002. The effects of endosulfan and variable water temperature on survivorship and subsequent vulnerability to predation in Litoria citropa tadpoles. Aquat. Toxical., 61(3-4):243-250.
Buege JA and Aust SD. 1978. Microsomal lipid per oxidation. Meth. Enzymol., 52 : 302-310.
Bucher T and pflrider G. 1975. Pyruvate kinase, In: Methods in Enzymology (SP Colowick , SP Kaplan eds.) Academic Press NY. 435-440.
Buznikov GA, Shmukler YB, Lauder JM. 1996. From oocyte to neuron: do neurotransmitters function in the same way throughout development Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 16 (5):.533–559
Castagna C and Ball GFJ. 1997. Balthazart Effects of dopamine agonists on appetitive and consummatory male sexual behavior in Japanese quail Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.,. 58 :403–414.
Chang CC. 1964. Asensitive method for spectrophoto metric assay of catecholamines. Int. J. Neuropharmacol., 19 (3):643-649.
Chiavegatto S, Nasello AG, Bernanrdi MM. 1998. Histamine and spontaneous motor activity: biphasic changes, receptors involved and participation of the striatal dopamine system Life Sci., 62 (20):875–1888
Ciarlone. AE. 1978. Further modification of a fluorometric method for analyzing brain amines .Michrochemical .J., 23:9-12.
Di Pino G, Moessner R, Lesch KP,. Lauder JM,. Persico AM. 2004. Roles for serotonin in neurodevelopment: more than just neural transmission Curr. Neuropharmacol.,2(4): 403–417.
Dinu D, Marinescu D, Munteanu MC, Staicu ACM, Costache A. 2010. Dinischiotu, Modulatory effects of deltamethrin on antioxidant defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in Carassius auratusgibelio liver and intestine. Arch. Environ. Contam.Toxicol., 58(3):757-764.
El-Shazly AM, Soliman M, El-Kalla MR, Rezk H, El-Nemr HE, Handousa AE, Helmy MM. 2001. Studies on patients with Schitosomiasis mansoni ; HCVand /or typhoid fever .J. Egypt Soc .Parasitol., 31(2): 583-400.
El-Aasar AA, El-Merzabzni MM, Zakhary NI, Farag HI, Abdeen AM, Abd El-Slam I, Mokhtar NM. 1989. Biochemical and biophysical studies on schistosomal liver of mice .Egypt J. Bilh., 11:19-25.
El-Rigal NS, Aly SA, Rizk MZ, Said AA. 2006. Effect of Ailanthus altissima and Ziziphus spina Christi extracts on some hepatic marker enzymes and antioxidants in Shistosoma mansoni infected mice. Pol. J.Food Nutr. Sci., 15/56(2):199-206.
Glowinski J and Iversen, LL. 1966. Regional studies catecholamines in the rat brain .I. The disposition of [3H] norepinephrine, [3H] dopamine and [3H] dopa in various regions of the brain. J. Neurochem., 13:655-669
Harner T, Pozo K, Gouin T, Macdonald AM, Hung H, .Cainey J and Peters A. 2006. Global pilot dtudy for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) using PUP disk passive air samples Environ. Pollut.,144:445-452.
Insel TR, Zohar J, Benkelf ATC, Murphy DL. 1990. Serotonin in obsessions, compulsions, and the control of aggressive impulses Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 600: 574–585.
Jergentz S, Mugni H, Bonetto C, Schulz R. 2004. Runoffrelated endosulfan contamination and aquatic macroinvertebrate response in rural basins near Buenos aires, Argentina. Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol., 46 (3):345-352.
Kaye W. 2008. Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa Physiol. Behav., 94, 121–135
King J. 1965. Glucose phosphate isomerase In : practical Clinical Enzymology. London., 1113-1117.
Klover PJ and Mooney RA. 2004. Hepatocytes critical for glucose homeostsis . Int J Biochem. Cell Biol., 36(5): 753-758.
Konkle ATM and McCarthy MM. 2011. Developmental time course of estradiol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone levels in discrete regions of male and female rat brain. Neuroendocrinology, 152 (1): 223–235.
Leret ML, Rua C, Garcia-Montojo M, Lecumberri, MJC. 2009. González Influence of metyrapone treatment during pregnancy on the development and maturation of brain monoaminergic systems in the rat Acta Physiol., 197 (4) :333–340
Levitt P, Harvey JA, Friedman EK, Simansky EH. 1997. Murphy New evidence for neurotransmitter influences on brain development Trends Neurosci., 20 (6) :269–274
Mansour MM, Farid ZB, Salah LH, Watten 1982. Serum enzymes tests in hepatosplenic schitosomiasis .Trans. R. Soc. Med. Hyg., 76:109-119.
Metwally AA, Janku I, Komper F, Khayyal MT, .Fbeid FA, Botros SS. 1990. Effect of schistosomiasis infection on the clearance of pheazone in mice . Arzneim Forsc., 40(2 Pt 1):206-220.
Moron MS, Depierre JW, Mannervik B. 1979. Level of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathion-s-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochem. Biophys.Acta. 582:67-68.
Mittelstaedt RA, Mei N, Webb PJ, Shaddock JG, .Dobrovolsky VN, .MacGarrity LJ, Morris SM, Chen T, Beland FA, Greenlees KJ, HeXich RH. 2004. Genotoxicity of malachite green and leucomalachite green in female Big Blue B6C3F1 mice. Mut. Res., 561(1-2): 127–138.
Muneoka K, Kuwagata M, Ogawa T,. Shioda S. 2010. Sex-specific effects of early neonatal progesterone treatment on dopamine and serotonin metabolism in rat striatum and frontal cortex Life Sci., 87(23–26):738–742.
Nakano T and Tomlinson N. 1967. Catecholamine and carbohydrate concentrations in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in relation to physical disturbance, J. Fish Res. Board Can. 24 : 1707–1715.
Nicotra A and Schatten G. 1990. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, affects microfilament organization, but not microtubules, during the first division in sea urchin eggs Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 16 (3) :182–189.
Nicholas V, Carroll B, Longley W, Joseph HR. 1956. The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by the use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol Chem., 220(2): 583-593.
Pappas SS, Tiernan CT, Behrouz B, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM, Goudreau JL, KJ. 2010. Lookingland Neonatal androgen-dependent sex differences in lumbar spinal cord dopamine concentrations and the number of A11 diencephalospinal dopamine neurons J. Comp. Neurol., 518 (13): 2423–2436.
Parasad MR, Popescu LM, .Moraru LI, Liu X, Maity S, Engdoman RM, Das DK. 1991. Role of phospholipase A,and C in myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.Am. J. Physiol., 29: 877.
Pozo K, Harner K, Wania F, Muir D, Jones K, Barrie L. 2006. Toward aglobal network for persistent organic pollutants in air: Results from the GAPS study.Environ.Sci.Technol.,40(16):4867-4873.
Rand GM, Carriger JF, Gardinali PR and Castro J. 2010. Endosulfan and its metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, in freshwater ecosystems of South Floride: A probabilistic aquatic ecological risk assessment, Ecotoxicology,19 (5): 879-900.
Retiman S and Frankel S. 1957. Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid and glutamic pyruvic tranaminases . Am. J .Clin. Pathol., 28(1):56-65.
Richardson JR, Caudle WM, Wang M, Dean ED, Pennell KD, Miller GW. 2006. Developmental exposure to the pesticide dieldrin alters the dopamine system and increases neurotoxicity in an animal model of Parkinson's disease J. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 20 (10) :1695–1697.
Sambasiva RKRS. 1999. Pesticide Impact on Fish Metabolism, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 129–149 .
Sand O, .Petersen IM and Emmersen BK. 1980. Changes in some carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and glycogen in liver , glucose and lipid in serum during vitellogensis and after induction by estradiol-17-B in the flounder Platichtys flesusL. Comp .Biochem. Phsiol., 65 : 327.
Simsek S, Koprucu S, Yonar E, Seker E. 2008. Effects of deltamethrin on antioxidant status and oxidative stress biomarker freshwater mussel, Unio elongatulus eucirrus. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 81(3): 253–257.
Slikker W and Schwetz BA. 2003. Childhood obesity: the possible role of maternal smoking and impact on public health.J. Children's Health, 1 (1): 29–40
Steel RGD and Torrie JH. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill Book Company, New York
Sutton I and Simmonds MA. 1973. Effects of acute and chronicethanol on the gama-aminobutyric acid system in rat brain.Biochem. Pharmacol., 22:1685- 1692.
Tilson HA. 2000. Neurotoxicology risk assessment guidelines: developmental neurotoxicology Neurotoxicology, 21(1-2):189–194
Trinder P. 1969. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 6 : 24–27.
US EPA. Reregistration eligibility decision for endosulfan.EPA 738-R-02-013.Pollution pesticides and toxic substances (7508C), United ststes environmental protection agency Http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd 1/REDs/endosulfan_red.pdf.
Usmani KA, Cho TM, Rose RL, Hodgson E. 2006. Inhibition of the human liver microsomal and human cytochrom P450 1A2 and 3A4 metabolism of oestra- diol by deployment-related and other chemicals. Drug Metab. Dispos., 34 (9):1606–1614
Vasanthi RP and Baskaran S. 1990. Palanichamy, Influence of carbofuran on growth and protein conversion efficiency in some fresh water fishes, J. Ecobiol., 2 (1): 85–88.
Villarini M, Moretti M, Pasquini R, Scassellati Sforzolini G, Fatigoni C, Silvano MM, Monarca AV. 1998. Rodriguez, In vitro genotoxic effects of the insecticide Deltamethrin in human peripheral blood leukocytes: DNA damage („comet assay‟) in relation to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and micronuclei, Toxicology 130 (2-3): 129–139.
Vincent S, Ambrose T, Cyrill L, Selvanaygam M. 1995. Biochemical responses of the Indian major carp, Catla catla (Ham.) to chromium toxicity, Indian J. Environ. Health 37 :192–196.
Volpi E, Lucidi P, Cruciani C, Monacchia F, Reoldi G, Brunetti P, Bolli GB and De Feo P. 1997. Nicotinamide counteracts alcohol induced impairment of hepatic protein metabolism in humans. J. Nut., 127 (11): 2199-2204.
Wattiaux R and De Duve C. 1956. Release of bound hydrolase by mean of Triton X-100. Biochem. J., 63: 606-608.
Whitaker-Azmitia PM. 1992. Role of serotonin and other neurotransmitter receptors in brain development: basis for developmental pharmacolog Pharm. Rev., 43, 553–561.
Yousef MI, Awad TI, Mohamed EH. 2006. Deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage and biochemical alterations in rat and its attenuation by Vitamin E. Toxicology 227(3): 240–247.
Zammit VA, Beis I, ENewshlome A. 1978. Maximum activities and effects of fructose biophosphate pyruvatekinase from muscle ofvertebrates and invertebrates in relation to the control of glycolysis Biochem. J., 174(3): 989-917.
Published
2013-05-24
How to Cite
Ismail, S. M., Said, A. A., & El-Sayad, S. M. (2013). Impact of the residue of Deltamethrin and Endosulfan pesticides on biochemical toxicity and some neurotransmitter contents in different brain areas of male Albino mice. Journal of Research in Biology, 3(4), 954-966. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/304
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