Hepatic enzyme markers and proteins in serum and some selected tissues in Clarias gariepinus from swamp around Kokori-Erhoike oil field, Nigeria
Keywords:
Fish, Kokori-Erhoike, Clarias gariepinus, Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase, Haemoglobin
Abstract
This study determines changes in some biochemical parameters in serum and tissues of Clarias gariepinus obtained from fish natural habitat in the oil exploration environs of Kokori-Erhoike in Delta State, Nigeria. Sampling sites include Ethiope River (Eku axis, reference Site A); Erhoike swamp (Site B) and Erhoike fish pond (Site C). However, Sites B and C are located in the oil exploration region of Erhoike. Clarias gariepinus (n=8) were collected from each site and used for the study. Levels of total proteins, albumin, haemoglobin as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase were determined in serum, gill, liver, brain and muscle tissues. Results showed that total protein concentrations were comparable (p>0.05) in serum. Albumin concentrations of fish from Site B and C were lower (p<0.05) as compared with that of site A in gill, muscle and brain tissues. Haemoglobin concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) in fish from Site A as compared with that of Sites B and C. Results also indicated that total protein and albumin concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in gill, muscle and brain tissues of Clarias gariepinus from Site A as compared with fish tissues from Sites B and C. Hepatic enzymes (ALT and AST) and ALP activities were elevated (p<0.05) in serum, gill, brain and liver of fish from Sites B and C as compared with that of Site A. The observed biochemical changes in fish from Sites B and C could have resulted from contaminants arising from the oil exploration activities in Site B and the presence of organic/inorganic contaminants in Site C due to the presence of fish feeds. These biochemical alterations show that the fish were under stress in their natural habitat. These biomarkers could be employed in the environmental monitoring of crude oil pollution as well as early warning signs of the adverse effects of environmental pollution.
References
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http://www.waado.org/environment/petrolpolution/oilspill/OilSpills_AdverseEffects.html.
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Cappo JA, Mussart NB and Fiorannelli SA. 2002. Physiological variation of enzymatic activities in blood of bull frog, Ranacatesbeiana ( Shaw, 1802). Rev. Vet., 12/13: 22 – 27.
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Emoyan OO. 2009. Quantification and distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) in surface waters in the vicinity of Kokori oil field, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 13 (4): 39 – 42.
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Mdegela RH, Braathen M, Mosha RD, Skaare JU and Sandvik M. 2010. Assessment of pollution in sewage ponds using biomarker responses in wild African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Tanzania. Ecotoxicology., 19(4):722-734.
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Norris DO, Camp JM, Maldonado TA and Woodling JD. 2000. Some aspects of hepatic function in feral brown trout. Salmo trutta, living in Metal contaminated water. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C. 127(1): 71 – 78. 2000.
Nwaogu LA, Igwe CU, Ujowundu CO, Arukwe U, Ihejirika CE and Iweke AV. 2011. Biochemical changes in tissues of albino rats following subchronic exposure to crude oil. J.Res. Biol., 1(8): 617 – 623.
Orisakwe OE, Akumka DD, Njan AA, Afonne OJ and Okechi OO. 2005. Hepatotoxic and haematological effects of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil in male albino rats. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 87(2): 215-221.
Pacheco M and Santos MA. 2001. Biotransformation, endocrine and genetic responses of Anguilla anguilla L. to petroleum distillate products and environmentally contaminated waters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 49(1): 64 – 75. 2001.
Reitman S and Frankel SA. 1957. A Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J. Clin Pathol., 28(1);56-63.
Roy A.V. 1970. Rapid method for determining alkaline phosphatase activity in serum with thymolphthalein monophosphate. Clin. Chem., 16(5):431- 436.
Soivio A and Oikari A. 1976. Haematological effects of stress on a teleost; Esox lucius L. J. Fish Biol., 8(5): 397-411.
Stocker R and Frei B. 1991. Endogenous antioxidant defences in human blood plasma. In: Rice- Evans, C. (Ed). Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. London Academic Press, 213 – 243.
Strinac M and Brauneck T. 2000. Isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C. 114: 171 – 177.
Sudhanshu T and Ajay S. 2009. Changes in some biochemical parameters in the liver and muscle of Colisa fasciatus due to toxicity of ethanolic extract of Nerium indicum Mill (Lal Kaner) Latex. Nat. Prod. Rad., 8(1): 48-54.
Sunmonu TO and Oloyede OB. 2006. Changes in Liver Enzyme activities in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to crude oil. Asian Fish. Sci., 19: 107 – 112.
Tietz NW. 1976. Fundermentals of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders Co; Philadelphia. 411.
Tolulope AO. 2004. Oil exploration and environmental degradation: The Nigerian Experience. Environ Info Arch., 2: 387 – 393.
Ugwu LLC, Jegede OI, Nwanba HO and Ikeh RC. 2008. Oil injection of Heterobranchus bidorsalis adults and its effects on aspartate transaminase activity. Afr. J. Gen. Agric., 4(1): 1-6. 2008.
Verma SR, Rani S and Dalela R.C. 1981. Isolated and combined effects of pesticides on serum transaminases in Mystus vittatus (African catfish). Toxicol. Lett., 8(1-2): 67-71.
Wegwu MO and Omeodu SI. 2010. Evaluation of selected biochemical indices in Clarias gariepinus exposed to aqueous extract of Nigerian Crude oil (Bonny Light). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 14 (1): 77 – 81.
Whitehead MW, Hawkes ND, Hainsworth I and Kingham JG. 1999. A prospective study of the cause of notably raised aspartate transaminase of liver origin. Gut., 45: 129-133.
Yarbrough JD, Heitz JR and Chambers JE. 1976. Physiological effect of crude oil exposure in the stripped mullet. (Mugil cephalus). Life Sci., 19 (5): 755 – 760.
Zaki M, Moustafa S, Fawzi OM, Ewl-Bellbasi H, Syame SM and Awad IM. 2010. Assessment of hazardous effect of lead pollution on Tilipia zilli, including hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters. Reports and Opinion., 2(1): 82 – 87.
Adams SM, Shugart LR, Sonthworth GR and Hinton DE. 1990. Application of bioindicators in assessing the health of fish populations experiencing contaminant stress. In: McCarrthy, J.F., Shugart, L.R. (Eds). Biomarkers of Environmental contamination. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton. :333 – 353.
Agbaire PO and Obi GG. 2009. Seasonal variations of some physico-chemical properties of River Ethiope water in Abraka, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 13 (1): 55 – 57.
Akanji MA, Olagoke OA and Oloyede OB. 1993. Effect of Chronic Consumption of metabisulphite on the integrity of rat liver cellular system. Toxicol., 81: 173 – 179.
Akcakaya H, Aroymak A and Gokce S. 2007. A quantitative colorimetric method of measuring alkaline phosphatase activity in eukayotic cell membranes. Cell Biol Int., 31(2): 186 – 190.
Akpofure EA, Efere ML and Ayawei P. 2000. Integrated grass root post-impact assessment of acute damaging effects of continuous oil spills in the Niger Delta. A paper report on oil spillage in the Niger Delta. Source:
http://www.waado.org/environment/petrolpolution/oilspill/OilSpills_AdverseEffects.html.
Arise RO, Osioma E and Akanji MA. 2013. Assessment of water quality parameters from swamps around Kokori-Erhoike petroleum flow station in Delta State, Nigeria. Der Chemica Sinica., 4(1): 155-161.
Ayalogu OE, Igboh NM and Dede EB. 2001. Biochemical changes in the serum and liver of albino rats exposed to petroleum samples (gasoline, kerosene and crude petroleum). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt., 5(1): 97-100.
Bucher F and Hofer R. 1990. Effects of domestic wastewater on serum enzyme activities of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 97(2): 381 – 385.
Cappo JA, Mussart NB and Fiorannelli SA. 2002. Physiological variation of enzymatic activities in blood of bull frog, Ranacatesbeiana ( Shaw, 1802). Rev. Vet., 12/13: 22 – 27.
Doumas BT, Bayse DD, Carter RJ, Peters Jr T and Schaffer RA. 1981. Candidate reference method for determination of total protein in serum. 1. Development and validation. Clin Chem., 27(10):1642-1650.
Doumas BT, Watson WA and Biggs AG. 1971. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromcresol green. Clin Chem.. Acta., 31:87-96.
El-Shehawi AM, Ali FK and Sechy MA. 2007. Estimation of water pollution by generic, biomarkers in Tilapia and Catfish species show species – site interaction. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6(7): 840 – 846.
Emoyan OO. 2009. Quantification and distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) in surface waters in the vicinity of Kokori oil field, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 13 (4): 39 – 42.
Gabriel UU, Amakiriand EU and Ezeri GNO. 2007. Haematological and gill pathology of Clarias gariepinus exposed to refined petroleum oil, kerosene under laboratory conditions. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 6(3): 461-465.
Halliwell B. 1988. Albumin – an important extracellular antioxidant? Biochem Pharmacol., 37:569 – 571.
Ikomi RB, Arimoro FO and Odihirin OK. 2005. Composition, distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates of the upper reaches of River Ethiope, Delta State, Nigeria. The Zoologist., 3:68-81.
Kuehn RL, Berlin KD, Hawkins WE and Ostrander GK. 1995. Relationships among petroleum refining, water and sediment contamination, and fish health. J. Toxicol. Environ Health., 46(1): 101- 116.
Leighton FA. 1991. The toxicity of Petroluem oils to birds: an overview. In the effects of oils in wildlife: research, rehabilitation and general concerns. White, J. and Funk, L. (Eds). Sheridian Press, Hanover, P.A.
Mahmoud K, Shalahmetova T and Deraz Sh. 2011. Effect of Crude oil intoxication on antioxidant and marker enzymes of tissue damage in liver of rat. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., 59: 373 – 375.
Mdegela RH, Braathen M, Mosha RD, Skaare JU and Sandvik M. 2010. Assessment of pollution in sewage ponds using biomarker responses in wild African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Tanzania. Ecotoxicology., 19(4):722-734.
Nelson DL and Cox MM. 2005. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Macmillian Worth Publishers, New York, USA, 4th Edn.
Nguyen LTH and Janssen CR. 2002. Embryo- Larval toxicity test with the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), comparative sensitivity of endpoints. Arch Environ Contam. Toxicol., 42(2): 256 – 262.
Norris DO, Camp JM, Maldonado TA and Woodling JD. 2000. Some aspects of hepatic function in feral brown trout. Salmo trutta, living in Metal contaminated water. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C. 127(1): 71 – 78. 2000.
Nwaogu LA, Igwe CU, Ujowundu CO, Arukwe U, Ihejirika CE and Iweke AV. 2011. Biochemical changes in tissues of albino rats following subchronic exposure to crude oil. J.Res. Biol., 1(8): 617 – 623.
Orisakwe OE, Akumka DD, Njan AA, Afonne OJ and Okechi OO. 2005. Hepatotoxic and haematological effects of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil in male albino rats. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 87(2): 215-221.
Pacheco M and Santos MA. 2001. Biotransformation, endocrine and genetic responses of Anguilla anguilla L. to petroleum distillate products and environmentally contaminated waters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 49(1): 64 – 75. 2001.
Reitman S and Frankel SA. 1957. A Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J. Clin Pathol., 28(1);56-63.
Roy A.V. 1970. Rapid method for determining alkaline phosphatase activity in serum with thymolphthalein monophosphate. Clin. Chem., 16(5):431- 436.
Soivio A and Oikari A. 1976. Haematological effects of stress on a teleost; Esox lucius L. J. Fish Biol., 8(5): 397-411.
Stocker R and Frei B. 1991. Endogenous antioxidant defences in human blood plasma. In: Rice- Evans, C. (Ed). Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. London Academic Press, 213 – 243.
Strinac M and Brauneck T. 2000. Isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C. 114: 171 – 177.
Sudhanshu T and Ajay S. 2009. Changes in some biochemical parameters in the liver and muscle of Colisa fasciatus due to toxicity of ethanolic extract of Nerium indicum Mill (Lal Kaner) Latex. Nat. Prod. Rad., 8(1): 48-54.
Sunmonu TO and Oloyede OB. 2006. Changes in Liver Enzyme activities in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to crude oil. Asian Fish. Sci., 19: 107 – 112.
Tietz NW. 1976. Fundermentals of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders Co; Philadelphia. 411.
Tolulope AO. 2004. Oil exploration and environmental degradation: The Nigerian Experience. Environ Info Arch., 2: 387 – 393.
Ugwu LLC, Jegede OI, Nwanba HO and Ikeh RC. 2008. Oil injection of Heterobranchus bidorsalis adults and its effects on aspartate transaminase activity. Afr. J. Gen. Agric., 4(1): 1-6. 2008.
Verma SR, Rani S and Dalela R.C. 1981. Isolated and combined effects of pesticides on serum transaminases in Mystus vittatus (African catfish). Toxicol. Lett., 8(1-2): 67-71.
Wegwu MO and Omeodu SI. 2010. Evaluation of selected biochemical indices in Clarias gariepinus exposed to aqueous extract of Nigerian Crude oil (Bonny Light). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 14 (1): 77 – 81.
Whitehead MW, Hawkes ND, Hainsworth I and Kingham JG. 1999. A prospective study of the cause of notably raised aspartate transaminase of liver origin. Gut., 45: 129-133.
Yarbrough JD, Heitz JR and Chambers JE. 1976. Physiological effect of crude oil exposure in the stripped mullet. (Mugil cephalus). Life Sci., 19 (5): 755 – 760.
Zaki M, Moustafa S, Fawzi OM, Ewl-Bellbasi H, Syame SM and Awad IM. 2010. Assessment of hazardous effect of lead pollution on Tilipia zilli, including hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters. Reports and Opinion., 2(1): 82 – 87.
Published
2013-06-13
How to Cite
E, O., MA, A., & RO, A. (2013). Hepatic enzyme markers and proteins in serum and some selected tissues in Clarias gariepinus from swamp around Kokori-Erhoike oil field, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Biology, 3(4), 984-992. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/307
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