Empirical validation of reliability of triangulation methods of mixed-method mode research: Quality improvement strategies for trypanosomiasis control
Keywords:
Triangulation, Tsetse, Trypanosomiasis, Berenil, Dosage, Mixed-Method
Abstract
This paper presents a continuum of triangulation designs ranging from Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), surveys, parasitological to satellite data for a holistic approach to a research on trypanosomiasis – a disease affecting human and livestock. The purpose is to combine several methods to improve the quality of trypanosomiasis control in the coastal savannah. This is the most extensive work on trypanosomiais in an African coastal savannah ecosystem, covering eleven districts in Ghana. In this study, quantitative results were supplemented by qualitative methods to improve on the validity and reliability. The study focused on farmers’ production objectives, constraints associated with the use of Berenil® to control trypanosomiasis, and satellite data for mapping areas at the risk of diseases for appropriate targeting, predictions and control. This mixed-method studies seeks convergence (triangulation), of results by examining different aspects of a phenomena (complementarity) on using methods sequentially (development) on discovering paradox and fresh perspectives (initiation), and on adding breadth and scope to a project (expansion). In this paper, issues of triangulation, validity and reliability has been discussed.
References
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Schmidt FL, Hunter JE and Urry VW. 1976.. "Statistical power in criterion-related validation studies", Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(4):473-485.
Stewart JL. 1937. The Cattle of the Gold Coast. Journal of Experimental Agriculture P. 1406.
Stewart JL. 1946. Northern Territories, Gold Coast Accra: Government Printer.
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Thomas RL. 1993. Introductory Econometrics: Theory and Applications Longmans Publications, New York.
Trochim MK. 2002. Introduction to Validity.
Webb EJ, Campbell DT, Schwartz D and Sechrest L. 1966. Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in Social Sciences. Rand McNally, Chicago.
WHO. 1988. Tsetse Flies: Biology and control of Glossina species, Vectors of human African Trypanosomiasis. Geneva, WHO.
Woo PTK. 1969. The haematocrit centrifuge for the detection of trypanosomes in blood, Canadian Journal of Zoology. 47:921-923.
Zar JH. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. 2nd edn, Prentice Hall International Inc., New Jerssey.
Bailey KD. 1982. "Methods of Social Research (2nd ed)," Free Press, New York, p. 553
Bowen KA. 1996. The Sin of Omission - Punishable by Death to Internal Validity: An Arguement for Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods to Strenghen Internal Validity. http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/Gallery/Bowen/hss691.htm)
Bryman A and Cramer D. 1997. Quantitative data analysis with SPSS for Windows: A guide for Social Scientists Routledge Publishers, London.
Campbell DT and Fiske DW. 1959. "Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix". Psychological Bulletin 56(2):81-105.
Catley A. 1997. ""Adapting Participatory Appraisal (PA) for the Veterinary Epidemiologist: PA tools for use in livestock disease data collection". Chester, Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine.",. 246-257.
Challier A and Laveissiere C. 1973. Un nouveau piege pour la capture des glossines (Glossina: Diptera, Muscidae): description et essais sur le terrain. Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie 11(4):251-262.
Champion DJ. 1970. Basic statistics for Social Research Chandler Publications, Scranton, PA.
Creswell JW. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches Sage, CA.
Fraenkel JR and Wallen NE. 1990. How to design and Evaluate Research in Education McGraw-Hill, New York.
French JW and Michael WB. 1966. Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals. American Psychological Association, APA, AEPA, NCME.
Geoffoy B, Lebbe J, Cuissance D, and Hervy JP. 1993. "XPER System and Computer-aided identification: An example in Medical Entomology with tsetse flies.", ISCTRC, Kampala, Uganda.
Ghana MOFA. 1996. Ministry of food and Agriculture. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis control: A synopsis of activities National Livestock Department, MOFA, Accra.
Ghana MOFA. 1999. Ministry of food and Agriculture. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis control: A synopsis of activities National Livestock Department, MOFA, Accra.
Ghana MOFA. 2009. Veterinary Services Department Livestock Census Ministry of Agriculture, Accra.
Ghirotti M. 1993. ""Rapid Appraisal: benefiting from the experiences and perspectives of livestock breeders"", World Animal Review, 77(4):27-33.
Grandin B and Young J. 1994. Ethnoveterinary Question list. IIED, Rapid Rural Appraisal Notes (RRA). Special issue on livestock, IIED[20], 39-46.
Greene JC, Caracelli VJ and Graham WF. 1989. ""Toward a conceptual framework for a mixed- method evaluation designs"", Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3): 255-274.
Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture 1996. Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control: A synopsis of Activities (March 1995-September 1996). National Livestock Services Department.
Hadgu K, Yisehak M and Tekle G. 1992. Interviewing Cows. 15:52-53. Rapid Rural Appraisal Notes (RRA).
Hilton A. 2002. Should qualitative and quantitative studies be triangulated? research Column , 1-3.
Hoare CA. 1972. The Trypanosomes of Mammals Blackwells scientific Publications, Oxford.
IAEA. 1998. "Towards livestock disease diagnosis and control in the 21st Century". proceedings of an International Symposium on Diagnosis and Control of Livestock Diseases using Nuclear and Related Techniques.", IAEA, Vienna, Austria, pp. 1-16. 602.
Itard J. 1989. Manual of Tropical Veterinary Parasitology: African Animal Trypanosomiasis Part 2 CAB International Publishers, Wallingford.
Johnston J and DiNardo J. 1997. Econometric Methods McGraw-Hill Companies, London.
Katz MH. 1999. Multivariable Analysis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kennedy P. 1998. A guide to Econometrics Blackwells Publishers, Oxford.
Kirsopp-Reed K and Hinchcliffe F. 1994. A Review of PRA Methods for Livestock Research and Development. [20], 11-46. London, IIED. Sustainable Agricultural Programme
Koutsoyiannis A. 1977. Theory of Econometrics MacMillan, London.
Lemeshow S, Hosmer Jr DW, Klar J and Lwanga SK. 1990. Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chchester.
Locke LF, Spirduso WW and Silverman SJ. 1987. Proposals that work: A guide for planning dissertations and grant proposals, 2nd by Sage edn, Neubury Park, CA.
Lwanga SK and Lemeshow S. 1991. Sample Size Determination in Health Studies WHO, Geneva.
Marshall C and Rossman GB. 1989. Designing qualitative research Newbury Park, CA.
Mathison S. 1988. "Why triangulate?", Educational Researcher, 17(2):13-17.
McCracken JA, Mc cracken JR, Pretty JN and Conway GR. 1988. An Introduction to Rapid Rural Appraisal for Agricultural Development IIED, London.
Merriam SB. 1988. Case study research in Education: A qualitative approach Jossey-Bassey, San Francisco.
Morse JM. 1991. "Approaches to Qualitative-Quantitative Methodological triangulation", Nursing Research, 40(12):120-123.
Murray M, Trail JCM, Turner DA and Wissocq Y. 1983. Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance ILCA, Addis Ababa.
Nowosielki-Splepowron BAT. 1962. Biology and Control of Tsetse flies in Ghana, PhD Thesis, St Andrews University.
Rouse JW Jr, Haas RH, Schell JA and Deeringt DW. 1974. "Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with ERTS", Washington, DC., NASA, pp. 309-317.
Schmidt FL, Hunter JE and Urry VW. 1976.. "Statistical power in criterion-related validation studies", Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(4):473-485.
Stewart JL. 1937. The Cattle of the Gold Coast. Journal of Experimental Agriculture P. 1406.
Stewart JL. 1946. Northern Territories, Gold Coast Accra: Government Printer.
Stewart JL. 1954. Gold Coast Report 1929-1949.
Thomas RL. 1993. Introductory Econometrics: Theory and Applications Longmans Publications, New York.
Trochim MK. 2002. Introduction to Validity.
Webb EJ, Campbell DT, Schwartz D and Sechrest L. 1966. Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in Social Sciences. Rand McNally, Chicago.
WHO. 1988. Tsetse Flies: Biology and control of Glossina species, Vectors of human African Trypanosomiasis. Geneva, WHO.
Woo PTK. 1969. The haematocrit centrifuge for the detection of trypanosomes in blood, Canadian Journal of Zoology. 47:921-923.
Zar JH. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. 2nd edn, Prentice Hall International Inc., New Jerssey.
Published
2013-08-28
How to Cite
Esena, R. K. (2013). Empirical validation of reliability of triangulation methods of mixed-method mode research: Quality improvement strategies for trypanosomiasis control. Journal of Research in Biology, 3(5), 1041-1053. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/312
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