Genetics characterization, nutritional and phytochemicals potential of gedi leaves (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) growing in the North Sulawesi of Indonesia as a candidate of poultry feed
Abstract
Gedi, local name of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik was used by local people in Northern Sulawesi-Indonesia as vegetable, because of its medicinal properties. The potency of gedi leaves in broiler diet has not been reported in literatures. The objective of this research was to investigate a genetic diversity of gedi commonly consumed as a gourmet cuisine in the North Sulawesi of Indonesia, and exploring the potential of this plant as a herb plant for a candidate of poultry feedstuff. Eight morphologically different gedi leaves (GH1, GH2, GH3, GH4, GH5, GH6, GM1 and GM2) that grow in Manado area, North Sulawesi of Indonesia were collected and identified. The leaves were extracted for DNA isolation followed by PCR and DNA sequencing analysis. During DNA isolation, 3 of 6 GH (GH4, GH5, GH6) were discontinued because of difficulty in separating the mucilage properties. Following PCR analysis, GH2 and GH3 did not produce bands and consequently were excluded from further analysis. In addition to that, chemical analysis was also performed to determine the phytochemical and nutritional contents .The results indicated that all gedi leaf samples showed similarity (99%) to species member of Abelmoschus manihot, and tribe of Malvaceae. In terms of proximate analysis, gedi leaves showed high crude protein (18.76 - 24.16%) and calcium (2.92-3.70%) content. Also, showed high crude fibre (13.06-17.53%). Together with the presence of alkaloid and steroidal saponin gedi leaves may offer beneficial effects as poultry feedstuff to a special production trait such as cholesterol-less meat.
References
Al-Sultan SI and Gameel AA. 2004. Histopathological changes in the livers of broiler chicken supplemented with Turmeric (Curcuma longa).Intern. J. of Poult. Sci., 3(5):333-336.
Ashayerizadeh O, Dastar B, Shams Shargh M, Rahmatnejad E and Ashayerizadeh A. 2009. Influence of prebiotic and two herbal additives on interior organs and hematological indices of broilers. J. of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 8(9):1851-1855.
Breen P. 2012. Plant Identification: Examining Leaves. Oregon State University Department of Horticulture.http://oregonstate.edu/dept/Idplants/PlantID-leaves.htm.
Cross DE, McDevitt RM, Hillman K and Acamovic T. 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poult. Sci., 48(4):496-506.URL:http://mc.manuscriptcentral.co./cbps.
Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar HPS, Becker K. 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. British J. of Nutrition. 88(6):587-605. DOI: 10.1079/BJN2002725.
Guo J, Xue C, Duan Jin-ao, Qian D, Tang Y and You Y. 2011. Anticonvulsant, antidepressant-like activity of Abelmoschus manihot ethanol extract and its potential active components in vivo. Phytomedicine: Intern. J. of Phytotherapy & Phytopharmacology. 18(14):1250-1254.DOI: 10.1016/ j. phymed. 2011.06.012.
Harborne JB. 1987. Metode Fitokimia, Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan.Translater: Padmawinata K dan I. Sudiro I. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.
Jain PS, Bari SB and Surana SJ. 2009. Isolation of stigmasterol and ý-sitosterol from petroleum ether extract of woody stem of Abelmoschus manihot.Asian J. of Biological Sci. 2(4):112-117, from http://www.scialert.net/qdirect.php?/doi=ajbs.2009.112.117&linkid=pdf.
Jain PS and Bari SB. 2010. Anti-inflammatory activity of Abelmoschus manihot extracts. Intern. J. ofPharmacology. 6 (4):505-509. http://www.scialert.net/qdirect.php?.doi=ijp. 2010.505.509&linkid=pdf.
Jain PS, Todarwal AA.Bari SB, Sanjay JS. 2011.. Analgesic activity of Abelmoschus manihot extracts. Intern. J. of Pharmacology. 7(6):716-720.http://www.scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijp.2011.716.720&org=11.
Khatun MH, Rahman MA, Biswas M, Ul Islam MA. 2010. In vitro study of the effects of viscous soluble dietary fibers of Abelmoschus esculentus L in lowering intestinal glucose absorption. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical J., 13(2):35-40.
Prasad K, Janve B, Sharma RK, Prasad KK. 2010. Compositional characterization of traditional medicinal plants: Chemo-metric approach. Archives of Applied Sci. Research. 2(5):1-10.
Preston SR. 1998. Aibika/Bele. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome, Italy.97 pages.
Puel C, Mathey J, Kati-Coulibaly S, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Chanteranne B, Horcajada MN, Coxam V. 2005. Preventive effect of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. on bone loss in the ovariectomised rats. J. Ethnobotanical. 99(1):55-60.
Sarwar M, Attitallia IH, Abdollahi M. 2011. A review on the recent advances in pharmacological studies on medicinal plants; animal studies are done but clinical studies needs completing. Asian J. of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 6(8):867-883.
Wang XR, Wang ZQ, Li Y. 1981. Studies on the chemical constituents of Abelmoschus manihot L. Medic. Acta Bot. Sin., 23(3):222-227.
Wang XR, Zhou ZH, Du AQ, Huang ZM. 2004. Studies on the flavonol constituents of Abelmoschusmanihot L. Medic. Chin. J. Nat. Med., 2(2):91-93.
Windisch W, Schedle K, Plitzner C, Kroismayr A. 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J. of Animal Sci.86(14Suppl.):E140-E148.http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/86/14Suppl/E140.
Yang CJ, Yang IY, Oh DH, Bae IH, Cho SG, Kong IG, Uuganbayar D , Nou IS, Choi KS. 2003. Effect of green tea by-product on performance and body composition in broiler chicks. Asian-Australian J. of Anim. Sci., 16(6):867-872. From http://www.ajas.info/Editor/manuscript/upload/16_128.pdf.
