A review on the distribution of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Northeast India
Keywords:
Western hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, Northeast India, southern Assam, distribution, conservation
Abstract
The Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) occurs in the forests of Northeastern India, found in the following states : Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram. In this article, we discuss the published information on distribution of Hoolock gibbons in Assam and other areas of Northeast. Several studies were carried out on the presence or absence from the protected areas but Hoolock gibbons are also present outside the protected areas particularly in Reserve Forest (RF), Private Forest (PF) and Community Forest (CF) and Village Reserve Forest (VRF). The distribution status of Hoolock gibbon in Northeast India is still not conclusively known. In the presence of above facts, this paper briefly reviews the studies on Western hoolock gibbon across its distribution range in Northeast India because it is essential to understand the population status and distribution of any endangered species like Hoolock gibbon for formulating action plan for their conservation.
References
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Alfred JRB and Sati JP. 1986. The gibbons with special reference to Hylobates Hoolock, p. 384-390. In: Majupuria, T.C. (ed.) Wildlife Wealth of India: Resources and Management. Tec. Press Service, Bangkok.
Alfred JRB and Sati JP. 1990. Survey and census of the hoolock gibbon in West Garo Hills, Northeast India. Primates. 31(2): 299-306.
Biswas J, Taro R, Ronghang A and Das J. 2013. Conservation of Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock in Langlakso-Mikir Hills Kalyoni and Borjuri-Jungthung-Western Mikir Hills Landscape, Assam, India. Final Report of Primate Research Centre NE India and People‟s Trust for Endangered Species Collaborative Project. ( NO. PRCNE/Tecr-8), J. Biswas (editor). 1-49.
Blanford WT. 1888-1891. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia. Taylor and Francis, London.
Chetry D and Chetry R. 2011. Hoolock gibbon conservation in India. Gibbon Journal. Nr.6 :7-12.
Chetry D, Medhi R, Biswas J, Das D and Bhattacharjee PC. 2003. Non-human Primates in the Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Primatology. 24(2): 383-388.
Choudhury A. 2009a. The Distribution, Status and Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong District, Assam, Northeast India, Primate Conservation. 24:117-126.
Choudhury A. 1990. Population dynamics of Hoolock Gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) in Assam, India. American Journal of Primatology. 20(1): 37-41.
Choudhury A. 1991. Ecology of the Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), a lesser ape in the tropical forests of north-eastern India. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 7(1): 147-153.
Choudhury A. 1996b. Primates in Bherjan, Borajan and Podumani Reserve Forests of Assam, India, Asian Primates. 5 (3-4):10-11.
Choudhury A. 1996a. A survey of Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in southern Assam, India. Primate report. 44: 77-85.
Choudhury A. 1998. A survey of primates in the Jaintia Hills. ASP Bulletin. 22(3): 8-9.
Choudhury A. 2000. A survey of Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Assam, India. Primate Report. 56:61-66.
Choudhury A. 2001. Primates in northeast India: An overview of their distribution and conservation status . ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. 1(1):92-101.
Choudhury A. 2004. Vanishing habitat threatens Phayre‟s leaf monkey. The Rhino Foundation. NE India Newsletter. 6:32-33.
Choudhury A. 2006. The distribution and status of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India. Primate Conservation. 20: 79-87.
Choudhury A. 2009b. The Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Tinsukia and Dibrugarh Districts of Assam, India, Asian Primates Journal. 1(2):24-30.
Das J, Biswas J, Bhattacharjee PC and Mohnot SM. 2009. The distribution and abundance of hoolock gibbons in India. In: S Lappan , DJ Whittaker, Eds. The Gibbons. Springer, New York. p. 409-433.
Das J, Biswas J, Medhi R, Bose J, Chetry D, Bujorborua P and Begum F. 2003b. Distributional status of Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) and their conservation in southern Assam, India. Tiger paper. 30(4): 26-29.
Das J, Biswas J, Das N, Molur S and Bagley F. 2011. Strategic plan for western hoolock gibbon conservation in Assam, India. Gibbon Journal Nr. 6. Gibbon Conservation Alliance, Zurich, Switzerland. 30-33.
Das J, Biswas J, Bhattacharjee PC and Mohnot SM. 2006. First distribution records of the Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock leuconedys from India. Zoo‟s Print Journal. 21(7): 2316-2320.
Das J, Feeroz MM, Islam MA, Biswas J, Bujarborua P, Chetry D, Medhi R and Bose J. 2003a. Distribution of Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock) in India and Bangladesh. Zoo‟s Print Journal. 18(1): 969-976.
Das J, Bhattacharjee PC, Biswas J and Chetry D. 2005. Western Hoolock Gibbon: Socioecology, Threats and Conservation Action Plan. Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, and Primate Research Centre, Northeast Centre, Guwahati, India. 70p.
Das J, Bhattacharjee PC, Biswas J and Chetry D. 2004. Western Hoolock Gibbon: Socioecology, Threats and Conservation Action Plan. A report of Primate Research Center, Gauhati University, Assam. India. 70p.
Dattagupta S, Gupta A and Ghose M. 2010. Non-Timber Forest Products of the Inner Line Reserve Forest, Cachar, Assam, India: dependency and usage Pattern of forest-dwellers. Assam University journal of Science & Technology: Biological and Environmental Sciences. 6(1):21-27.
Deb M, Roychoudhury S and Bhattacharjee PC. 2010-11. Hoolock Gibbon: An Endangered Ape of Northeast India and its Conservation. Biotech, An Annual Journal of Dept. of Biotechnology. 3(1): 21-25.
Gupta AK and Sharma N. 2005a. Conservation status of Hoolock gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) in Meghalaya. In: Gupta, A.K., N. Sharma, S. Dasgupta, D. Chakraborty & R. Hazarika (eds.) Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon in Northeast India. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. 8: 87-150.
Gupta AK and Sharma N. 2005b. Conservation status of Hoolock gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) in Mizoram. In: Gupta, A.K., N. Sharma, S. Dasgupta, D. Chakraborty & R. Hazarika (eds.) Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon in Northeast India. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. 8: 27-86.
Gupta AK and Dasgupta S. 2005. Conservation status of Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) in Tripura. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. 8: 151-170.
Gupta AK. 2001. Status of Primates in Tripura. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, Non-Human Primates in India.1(1), 127-135.
Harlan R and Burrough M. 1834. Description of a species of Orang, from the North-Eastern Province of British East India, Lately the Kingdom of Assam. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4:52-59.
Islam M, Choudhury P and Bhattacharjee PC. 2013. Preliminary study on Population status and Activity budgeting of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in the Inner-Line Reserved Forest of Barak Valley, Assam, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 3(3).1-8.
Kakati K. 2004. Impact of forest fragmentation on the hoolock gibbon in Assam, India. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Kakati K. 2006. Fragment-living- a study of hoolock gibbons in Assam, India. The Gibbon‟s Voice 8(1): 1-4.
Kakati K, Raghavan R, Chellam R, Qureshi Q and Chivers DJ. 2009. Status of Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation 24:127-137.
Kumar A, Devi A, Gupta AK and Sarma K. 2013. Population, Behavioural Ecology and Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon in Northeast India. Rare Animals of India. 242-266.
Kumar A, Mary PP and Bagchie P. 2009. Present distribution, population status, and conservation of western Hoolock gibbons Hoolock hoolock (Primates: Hylobatidae) in Namdapha National Park, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 1(4): 203-210.
Malone N, Purnama AR, Wedana M and Fuentes A. 2002. Assessment of the sale of primates at Indonesian bird markets. Asian Primate 8(1-2):7-11.
McCann C. 1933. Notes on the colouration and habits of the White-browed Gibbon or Hoolock (Hylobates hoolock Harl.). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 36:395-405.
Misra C, Raman T and Johnsingh A. 1994. Survey of primates, serow, and goral in Mizoram. Report, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun.
Mizoram State Pollution Control Board (MSPCB). 2009. Mizo-Envis. News Letter, 3(2):5-7.
Molur S, Walker S, Islam A, Miller P, Srinivasulu C, Nameer PO, Daniel BA and Ravikumar L. 2005. Conservation of Western Hoolock Gibbon ( Hoolock hoolock hoolock) in India and Bangladesh: Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (P.H.V.A.) Workshop Report, 2005. Zoo Outreach organisation/ CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, India. 132p.
Mootnick A and Groves C. 2005. A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae). International Journal of Primatology 26(4):971-976.
Mukherjee RP. 1982. Survey of non-human primates of Tripura. India. Journal of Zoological Society of India. 34(1-2): 70-81.
Sati JP. 2011. Current status of Western Hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock Harlan in west Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 3(2): 1520-1526.
Solanki GS and Chutia P. 2004. Ethno Zoological and Socio-cultural aspects of Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of Human Ecology. 15(4): 251-254.
Srivastava A. 1999. Primates of Northeast India. Megadiversity Press, Bikaner, 208p.
Srivastava A. 2006. Conservation of threatened primates of Northeast India. Primate Conservation. 20:107-113.
Srivastav A and Nigam P. 2009. National Studbook of Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun and Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi. 1-24.
Tilson RL. 1979. Behaviour of Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) during different seasons in Assam, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 76(1):1-16.
Walker S, Molur S and Brockelman WY. 2007. Western Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock (Harlan,1831).pp.18. In: Primates in Peril: The World‟s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006-2008, Mittermeier, R.A., J. Ratsimbazafy, A.B. Rylands, L. Williamson, J.F. Oates, D. Mbora, J.U. Ganzhorn, E. Rodriguez-Luna, E. Palacios, E.W. Heymann, M.C.M.Kierulff, L. Yongcheng, J. Supriatna, C. Roos, S. Walker and J.M. Aguiar. Primate Conservation. 22:1-40.
Walker S, Molur S, Brockelman WY, Das J, Islam A, Geissmann T and Peng-Fei F. 2009. Western hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1831). In: Mittermeier RA, Janette Wallis, Anthony B. Rylands, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, John F. Oates, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Erwin Palacios, Eckhard W. Heymann, M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Long Yongcheng, Jatna Supriatna, Christian Roos, Sally Walker, Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, and Christoph Schwitzer. Eds. Primates in Peril: The World‟s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008-2010, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), Arlington, VA, p. 62-64.
Alfred JRB and Sati JP. 1986. The gibbons with special reference to Hylobates Hoolock, p. 384-390. In: Majupuria, T.C. (ed.) Wildlife Wealth of India: Resources and Management. Tec. Press Service, Bangkok.
Alfred JRB and Sati JP. 1990. Survey and census of the hoolock gibbon in West Garo Hills, Northeast India. Primates. 31(2): 299-306.
Biswas J, Taro R, Ronghang A and Das J. 2013. Conservation of Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock in Langlakso-Mikir Hills Kalyoni and Borjuri-Jungthung-Western Mikir Hills Landscape, Assam, India. Final Report of Primate Research Centre NE India and People‟s Trust for Endangered Species Collaborative Project. ( NO. PRCNE/Tecr-8), J. Biswas (editor). 1-49.
Blanford WT. 1888-1891. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia. Taylor and Francis, London.
Chetry D and Chetry R. 2011. Hoolock gibbon conservation in India. Gibbon Journal. Nr.6 :7-12.
Chetry D, Medhi R, Biswas J, Das D and Bhattacharjee PC. 2003. Non-human Primates in the Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Primatology. 24(2): 383-388.
Choudhury A. 2009a. The Distribution, Status and Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong District, Assam, Northeast India, Primate Conservation. 24:117-126.
Choudhury A. 1990. Population dynamics of Hoolock Gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) in Assam, India. American Journal of Primatology. 20(1): 37-41.
Choudhury A. 1991. Ecology of the Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), a lesser ape in the tropical forests of north-eastern India. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 7(1): 147-153.
Choudhury A. 1996b. Primates in Bherjan, Borajan and Podumani Reserve Forests of Assam, India, Asian Primates. 5 (3-4):10-11.
Choudhury A. 1996a. A survey of Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in southern Assam, India. Primate report. 44: 77-85.
Choudhury A. 1998. A survey of primates in the Jaintia Hills. ASP Bulletin. 22(3): 8-9.
Choudhury A. 2000. A survey of Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Assam, India. Primate Report. 56:61-66.
Choudhury A. 2001. Primates in northeast India: An overview of their distribution and conservation status . ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. 1(1):92-101.
Choudhury A. 2004. Vanishing habitat threatens Phayre‟s leaf monkey. The Rhino Foundation. NE India Newsletter. 6:32-33.
Choudhury A. 2006. The distribution and status of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India. Primate Conservation. 20: 79-87.
Choudhury A. 2009b. The Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Tinsukia and Dibrugarh Districts of Assam, India, Asian Primates Journal. 1(2):24-30.
Das J, Biswas J, Bhattacharjee PC and Mohnot SM. 2009. The distribution and abundance of hoolock gibbons in India. In: S Lappan , DJ Whittaker, Eds. The Gibbons. Springer, New York. p. 409-433.
Das J, Biswas J, Medhi R, Bose J, Chetry D, Bujorborua P and Begum F. 2003b. Distributional status of Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) and their conservation in southern Assam, India. Tiger paper. 30(4): 26-29.
Das J, Biswas J, Das N, Molur S and Bagley F. 2011. Strategic plan for western hoolock gibbon conservation in Assam, India. Gibbon Journal Nr. 6. Gibbon Conservation Alliance, Zurich, Switzerland. 30-33.
Das J, Biswas J, Bhattacharjee PC and Mohnot SM. 2006. First distribution records of the Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock leuconedys from India. Zoo‟s Print Journal. 21(7): 2316-2320.
Das J, Feeroz MM, Islam MA, Biswas J, Bujarborua P, Chetry D, Medhi R and Bose J. 2003a. Distribution of Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock) in India and Bangladesh. Zoo‟s Print Journal. 18(1): 969-976.
Das J, Bhattacharjee PC, Biswas J and Chetry D. 2005. Western Hoolock Gibbon: Socioecology, Threats and Conservation Action Plan. Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, and Primate Research Centre, Northeast Centre, Guwahati, India. 70p.
Das J, Bhattacharjee PC, Biswas J and Chetry D. 2004. Western Hoolock Gibbon: Socioecology, Threats and Conservation Action Plan. A report of Primate Research Center, Gauhati University, Assam. India. 70p.
Dattagupta S, Gupta A and Ghose M. 2010. Non-Timber Forest Products of the Inner Line Reserve Forest, Cachar, Assam, India: dependency and usage Pattern of forest-dwellers. Assam University journal of Science & Technology: Biological and Environmental Sciences. 6(1):21-27.
Deb M, Roychoudhury S and Bhattacharjee PC. 2010-11. Hoolock Gibbon: An Endangered Ape of Northeast India and its Conservation. Biotech, An Annual Journal of Dept. of Biotechnology. 3(1): 21-25.
Gupta AK and Sharma N. 2005a. Conservation status of Hoolock gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) in Meghalaya. In: Gupta, A.K., N. Sharma, S. Dasgupta, D. Chakraborty & R. Hazarika (eds.) Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon in Northeast India. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. 8: 87-150.
Gupta AK and Sharma N. 2005b. Conservation status of Hoolock gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) in Mizoram. In: Gupta, A.K., N. Sharma, S. Dasgupta, D. Chakraborty & R. Hazarika (eds.) Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon in Northeast India. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. 8: 27-86.
Gupta AK and Dasgupta S. 2005. Conservation status of Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) in Tripura. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. 8: 151-170.
Gupta AK. 2001. Status of Primates in Tripura. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, Non-Human Primates in India.1(1), 127-135.
Harlan R and Burrough M. 1834. Description of a species of Orang, from the North-Eastern Province of British East India, Lately the Kingdom of Assam. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4:52-59.
Islam M, Choudhury P and Bhattacharjee PC. 2013. Preliminary study on Population status and Activity budgeting of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in the Inner-Line Reserved Forest of Barak Valley, Assam, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 3(3).1-8.
Kakati K. 2004. Impact of forest fragmentation on the hoolock gibbon in Assam, India. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Kakati K. 2006. Fragment-living- a study of hoolock gibbons in Assam, India. The Gibbon‟s Voice 8(1): 1-4.
Kakati K, Raghavan R, Chellam R, Qureshi Q and Chivers DJ. 2009. Status of Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation 24:127-137.
Kumar A, Devi A, Gupta AK and Sarma K. 2013. Population, Behavioural Ecology and Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon in Northeast India. Rare Animals of India. 242-266.
Kumar A, Mary PP and Bagchie P. 2009. Present distribution, population status, and conservation of western Hoolock gibbons Hoolock hoolock (Primates: Hylobatidae) in Namdapha National Park, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 1(4): 203-210.
Malone N, Purnama AR, Wedana M and Fuentes A. 2002. Assessment of the sale of primates at Indonesian bird markets. Asian Primate 8(1-2):7-11.
McCann C. 1933. Notes on the colouration and habits of the White-browed Gibbon or Hoolock (Hylobates hoolock Harl.). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 36:395-405.
Misra C, Raman T and Johnsingh A. 1994. Survey of primates, serow, and goral in Mizoram. Report, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun.
Mizoram State Pollution Control Board (MSPCB). 2009. Mizo-Envis. News Letter, 3(2):5-7.
Molur S, Walker S, Islam A, Miller P, Srinivasulu C, Nameer PO, Daniel BA and Ravikumar L. 2005. Conservation of Western Hoolock Gibbon ( Hoolock hoolock hoolock) in India and Bangladesh: Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (P.H.V.A.) Workshop Report, 2005. Zoo Outreach organisation/ CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, India. 132p.
Mootnick A and Groves C. 2005. A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae). International Journal of Primatology 26(4):971-976.
Mukherjee RP. 1982. Survey of non-human primates of Tripura. India. Journal of Zoological Society of India. 34(1-2): 70-81.
Sati JP. 2011. Current status of Western Hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock Harlan in west Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 3(2): 1520-1526.
Solanki GS and Chutia P. 2004. Ethno Zoological and Socio-cultural aspects of Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of Human Ecology. 15(4): 251-254.
Srivastava A. 1999. Primates of Northeast India. Megadiversity Press, Bikaner, 208p.
Srivastava A. 2006. Conservation of threatened primates of Northeast India. Primate Conservation. 20:107-113.
Srivastav A and Nigam P. 2009. National Studbook of Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun and Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi. 1-24.
Tilson RL. 1979. Behaviour of Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) during different seasons in Assam, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 76(1):1-16.
Walker S, Molur S and Brockelman WY. 2007. Western Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock (Harlan,1831).pp.18. In: Primates in Peril: The World‟s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006-2008, Mittermeier, R.A., J. Ratsimbazafy, A.B. Rylands, L. Williamson, J.F. Oates, D. Mbora, J.U. Ganzhorn, E. Rodriguez-Luna, E. Palacios, E.W. Heymann, M.C.M.Kierulff, L. Yongcheng, J. Supriatna, C. Roos, S. Walker and J.M. Aguiar. Primate Conservation. 22:1-40.
Walker S, Molur S, Brockelman WY, Das J, Islam A, Geissmann T and Peng-Fei F. 2009. Western hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1831). In: Mittermeier RA, Janette Wallis, Anthony B. Rylands, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, John F. Oates, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Erwin Palacios, Eckhard W. Heymann, M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Long Yongcheng, Jatna Supriatna, Christian Roos, Sally Walker, Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, and Christoph Schwitzer. Eds. Primates in Peril: The World‟s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008-2010, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), Arlington, VA, p. 62-64.
Published
2014-06-03
How to Cite
Deb, P., Rai, P. K., & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2014). A review on the distribution of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Northeast India. Journal of Research in Biology, 4(3), 1301-1310. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/343
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