Daily Activity Budget of Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa) in Great Nicobar Island, India
Keywords:
Macaca fascicularis umbrosa, Daily activity budget, Great Nicobar Island
Abstract
Nicobar long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa Miller, 1902) are distributed in three Islands of Nicobar namely Great Nicobar, Little Nicobar and Katchal. Their insular population requires special attention from research and management perspectives. Daily activity budget of M.f. umbrosa in the Great Nicobar Island was studied from October 2011 to September 2013 by intensive direct observation method. Study revealed that Nicobar long-tailed macaque, undergoes most of the time for Locomotion (36.07%), followed by feeding (22.35%), resting or being inactive (15.74%), grooming (11.14%), vocalization (7.03%), playing (5.64%), sexual arousal (1.46%) and agonistic (0.56%). All daily activities have significant difference (χ2 = 1156.22; df = 7, P = 0.05). Chi-square test demonstrated that the daily activity budget differed significantly among the behaviours. Qualitative results found that the interaction within the group was fighting and grabbing food. The significant observation of disability in their legs was noticed in Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque. The relation between their behaviour and disability is also discussed.
References
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Umapathy G, Mewa Singh and Mohnot SM. 2003. Status and Distribution of Macaca fascicularis umbrosa in the Nicobar Islands, India. International Journal of Primatology. 24(2): 281-293.
Van Noordwijk MA and van Schaik CP. 1999. The effects of dominance rank and group size on female lifetime reproductive success in wild long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. Primates. 40(1): 105-130.
Wheatley BP. 1980. Feeding and Ranging of East Bornean Macaca fascicularis. In: The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution, Lindburg, D.G. (Ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 215-246.
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Brent L and Veira Y. 2002. Social behaviour of captive IndoChinese and Insular long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) following transfer to a new facility. Int. J. Primatol., 23(1): 147-159.
Engelhardt A, Hodges JK, Niemitz C and Heistermann M. 2005. Female sexual behaviour, but not sex skin swelling, reliably indicates the timing of the fertile phase in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Horm. Behav., 47(2): 195-204.
Hamada Y, Suryobroto B, Goto S and Malaivijitnond S. 2008. Morphological and body color variation in Thai Macaca fascicularis fascicularis North and South of the Isthmus of Kra. Int. J. Primatol., 29(5): 1271-1294.
Jaman MF and Huffman MA. 2008. Enclosure environment affects the activity budgets of captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Am. J. Primatol., 70(12): 1133-1144.
Kamarul Hambali, Ahmad Ismail and Badrul Munir Md-Zain. 2012. Daily Activity Budget of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Kuala Selangor Nature Park. Int. J. Basic and Applied Sciences. 12(4): 47-52.
Khor OP. 2003. Kajian kelakuan Macaca fascicularis dan interaksi dengan manusia di Taman Belia, Pulau Pinang. Tesis sarjana muda, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia.
Kipper S and Todt D. 2002. The use of vocal signals in the social play of Barbary Macaques. Primates. 43(1): 3-17.
Krebs JR and Davies NB.1993. An introduction to behavioural ecology. Wiley-Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
Kurup, GU and Kumar A. 1993. Time budget and activity patterns of the Lion-Tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus). Int. J. Primatol., 14(1): 27-39.
Lawler SH, Sussman RW and Taylor LL. 1995. Mitochondrial DNA of the Mauritian macaques (Macaca fascicularis): An example of the founder effect. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 96(2): 133-141.
Lazaro-Perea C, De Arruda MF and Snowdon CT. 2004. Grooming as a reward? Social function of grooming between females in cooperatively breeding marmosets. Anim. Behav., 67(4): 627-636.
Lehner PN. 1979. Handbook of Ethological Methods. New York: Garland STPM Press.
Md-Zain BM, Norhashimah MD and Idris AG. 2003. Long-tailed macaque of the Taman Tasik Taiping: Its social behaviour. Prosiding Simposium Biologi Gunaan ke. 7: 468-470.
Md-Zain BM, Yen MY and Ghani IA. 2008b. Daily activity budgets and enrichment activity effect on Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in captivity. Sains Malaysiana. 37(1): 15-19.
Md-Zain BM, Sha’ari NA, Mohd-Zaki M, Ruslin F, Idris NI, Kadderi MD and Idris WMR. 2010. A comprehensive population survey and daily activity budget on long-tailed macaques of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Journal of Biological Sciences. 10 (7): 608- 615.
Menard N. 2004. Do Ecological Factors Explain Variation in Social Organizations? In: Macaque Societies: A Model for the Study of Social Organization, Thierry, B., M. Singh and W. Kaumanns (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Narasimmarajan. K and Raghunathan. C. 2012. Status of Long Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa) and conservation of the recovery population in Great Nicobar Island, India. Wildl. Biol. Pract., 8(2): 1-8
Nordin M and Jasmi DA. 1981. Jarak antara individu dan lakuan agresif pada Macaca fascicularis tawanan dan liar. Sains malaysiana. 10(2): 107-122.
O’Brien TG and Kinnaird MF. 1997. Behaviour, diet and movements of the Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra). Int. J. Primatol., 18(3): 321-351.
Passamani M. 1998. Activity budget of Geoffroy’s Marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi) in an Atlantic forest in Southeastern Brazil. Am. J. Primatol., 46(4): 333-340.
Peres CA. 1993. Diet and feeding ecology of Saddle-back (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached (S. mystax) tamarins in an amazonian Terra firme forest. J. Zool., 230(4): 567-592.
Rod and Preston-Mafham K. 1992. Primates of the World. London. Blandford Villiers House.
Rodman PS. 1991. Structural differentiation of microhabitats of sympatric Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Int. J. Primatol., 12(4): 357–375.
Sarah E. Turner, Linda M. Fedigan, Damon Matthews H and Masayuki Nakamichi. 2012. Disability, Compensatory Behaviour, and Innovation in Free-Ranging Adult Female Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata). Am. J. Primatol., 74 (9): 788–803.
Sia WH. 2004. Kajian kelakuan Macaca fascicularis di kawasan sekitar kampus UKM. Thesis, S.Sn. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Siti JA. 2003. Kajian terhadap kehadiran Macaca dan interaksi dengan manusia di Taman Tasik Taiping, Perak. Tesis, Sarjana Muda. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Sivakumar K. 2010. Impact of the tsunami (December, 2004) on the long tailed macaque of Nicobar Islands, India. Hystrix It. J. Mamm. (n.s).21 (1): 35-42.
Suhailan WM. 2004. A behavioural study on the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in the residence of west country, Bangi. M.Sc. Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Thomas SC. 1991. Population densities and patterns of habitat use among anthropoid primates of the Ituri forest, Zaire. Biotropica. 23(1): 68-83.
Tikader BK and Das AK. 1985. Glimpses of Animal Life of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.
Tuan-Zaubidah BTH. 2003. Nuisance behaviour of Macaca fascicularis at Bukit Lagi, Kangar, Perlis. B.Sc. Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Umapathy G, Mewa Singh and Mohnot SM. 2003. Status and Distribution of Macaca fascicularis umbrosa in the Nicobar Islands, India. International Journal of Primatology. 24(2): 281-293.
Van Noordwijk MA and van Schaik CP. 1999. The effects of dominance rank and group size on female lifetime reproductive success in wild long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. Primates. 40(1): 105-130.
Wheatley BP. 1980. Feeding and Ranging of East Bornean Macaca fascicularis. In: The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution, Lindburg, D.G. (Ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 215-246.
Zamzarina MA. 2003. A study on aggressive behavioural in Macaca at taman tasik taiping, perak, B.Sc. Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Published
2014-06-24
How to Cite
A, R., C, R., Chandra, K., & K, V. (2014). Daily Activity Budget of Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa) in Great Nicobar Island, India. Journal of Research in Biology, 4(4), 1338-1347. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/348
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