Evaluation of spherical agglomerated crystals of Lomefloxacin by IR and optical microscopy
Keywords:
Spherical crystallization, Lomefloxacin, IR and Optical microscopy
Abstract
The spherical crystallization technique was studied to improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of lomefloxacin which is used as an antibacterial agent for Typhoid, Vaginal, GIT and ENT infection. In solvent change method, irregular shaped agglomeration was observed. Neutralization method was performed to maintain the form of spherical crystals. In ammonia diffusion method, best form of spherical agglomerates with crystal form was obtained. Spherical agglomerated crystals of lomefloxacin were evaluated by IR and optical microscopy. The results suggested that the spherical crystal form of lomefloxacin shows greater dissolution rates and bio availability.
References
Akbuga J. 1989. Preparation and evaluation of controlled release furosemide microspheres by spherical crystallization. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 53(2): 99-105.
Akbuga J. 1991. Furosemide-loaded ethyl cellulose (EC) microspheres prepared by spherical crystallization technique: Morphology and release characteristics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 76(3): 193-198.
Bermer GG and Zuiderweg FG. 1992. Proceedings of international symposium of fine particles, AIME. New York. 1524-1546 P.
Bus AS and Heerens JJ. 1982. Light backscattering as a technique to measure solids particle size and concentration in suspension. Chemical Engineering Communications, 16(1-6): 301-311.
Capes CE and Darcovich K. 1984. A survey of oil agglomeration in wet fine coal processing. Powder Technology, 40(1-3): 43-52.
Capes CE and Sutherland JP. 1967. Formation of spheres from finely divided solids in liquid suspension. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 6(1):146-154.
Chourasia MK, Nitin K. Jain, Jain S, Jain NK and Jain SK. 2003. Preparation and characterization of agglomerates of flurbiprofen by spherical crystallization technique. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 65(3): 287-291.
Deshpande MC, Mahadik KR, Pawar AP and Paradkar AR. 1997. Evaluation of spherical crystallization as a particle size enlargement technique for aspirin. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59(1): 32-34.
Gonzalez DA and Biscans B. 2002. spherical agglomeration during crystallization mof of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Powder Technology, 128 (2-3): 188-194.
Gordonx MS and Chowhan ZT. 1990. Manipulation of naproxen crystal particle morphology via the spherical crystallization technique to achieve a directly compressible raw material. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 16(8): 1279-1290.
Gulinkina IR, Ezhokova ZI, Kozloca TS, Konysheva LI, Makarovskaya GK and Sillina TV. 1980. Study of the physio-chemical properties of the yellow azo pigment. Zh Prikl. Khim, 53: 85- 90.
Jayaswai SB, Reddy TSR, Vijay Kumar M and Gupta VK. 1995. Preparation and evaluation of captopril microspheres by spherical crystallization. Indian Drugs, 32(9):454-457.
Jbilou M, Ettabia A, Guyot-Hermann AM and Guyot JC. 1999. Ibuprofen agglomerates preparation by phase separation. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 25(3):297-305.
Kachrimanis K, Nikolakakis I and Malamataris S. 2000. Spherical crystal agglomeration of ibuprofen by the solvent-change technique in presence of methacrylic polymers. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 89(2): 250-259.
Kawashima T, Okumura M, Takenaka H and Kojima A. 1984. Direct preparation of spherically agglomerated salicylic acid crystals during crystallization. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73(11): 1535 -1538.
Kawashima Y and Capes CE. 1976. Further studies of the Kinetics of spherical agglomeration in a stirred vessel. Powder Technology, 13(2): 279-288.
Kawashima Y, Aoki S, Takenaka H and Miyake Y. 1984. Preparation of spherically agglomerated crystals of aminophylline. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73(10):1407-1410.
Kawashima Y, Cui F, Takeuchi H, Niwa T, Hino T and Kiuchi K. 1994. Improvements in flowability and compressibility of pharmaceutical crystals for direct tabletting by spherical crystallization with a two-solvent system. Powder Technology, 78(2):151-157.
Kawashima Y, Cui F, Takeuchi H, Niwa T, Hino T and kiuchi K. 1995. Improved static compression behaviors and tablettabilities of spherically agglomerated crystals produced by the spherical crystallization technique with a two-solvent system. Pharmaceutical Research, 12(7): 1040-1044.
Kawashima Y, Furukawa K and Takenaka H. 1981. The physicochemical parameters determining the size of agglomerate prepared by the wet spherical agglomeration technique. Powder Technology, 30(2): 211-216.
Kawashima Y, Iwamoto T, Niwa T, Takeuchi H and Hino T. 1993. Role of the solvent-diffusion-rate modifier in a new emulsion solvent diffusion method for preparation of ketoprofen microspheres. Journal of Microencapsulation, 10(3):329-340.
Kawashima Y, Kurachi Y and Takenaka H. 1982. Preparation of spherical wax matrices of sulfamethoxazole by wet spherical agglomeration technique using a CMSMPR agglomerator. Powder Technology, 32(2): 155-161.
Kawashima Y, Lin SY, Ogawa M, Handa T and Takenaka H. 1985. Preparations of agglomerated crystals of polymorphic mixtures and a new complex of indomethacin—epirizole by the spherical crystallization technique. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 74(11): 1152-1156.
Kawashima Y, Morishima K, Takeuchi H, Niwa T and Hino T. 1991. Crystal design for direct tabletting and coating by the spherical crystallization technique. AIChE Symposium Series, 87(284): 26-32.
Kawashima Y, Naito M, Lin SY and Takenaka H. 1983. An experimental study of the kinetics of the spherical crystallization of aylline sodium theophylline monohydrate. Powder Technology, 34(2): 255-260.
Kawashima Y, Niwa K, Takeuchi H, Hino T and Niwa T. 1990. Effects of amount of bridging liquid on the growth process and the compaction process of agglomerate in wet spherical agglomeration. Yakugaku Zasshi, 110(8): 591-597.
Kawashima Y, Niwa T, Handa T and Takeuchi H. 1987. The Preparation of functional microspheres of pharmaceuticals with acrylic polymer (Eudragit) by a novel spherical crystallization technique. Journal of the Society of Powder Technology of Japan, 24(9): 600-603.
Kawashima Y, Niwa T, Handa T, Takeuchi H, Iwamoto T and Itoh K. 1989. Preparation of controlled-release microspheres of ibuprofen with acrylic polymers by a novel quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 78(1): 68-72.
Kawashima Y, Niwa T, Takeuchi H and Itoh Y. 1992. Hollow microspheres for use as a floating controlled drug delivery system in the stomach. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 81(2):135-140.
Kawashima Y, Niwa T, Takeuchi H, Hino T, Itoh Y and Furuyama S. 1989. Crystal modification of tranilast (oral antiallergic agent) by a novel spherical crystallization technique, 5th International Symposium on Agglomeration. 145-149 P.
Kawashima Y, Ohno H and Takenaka H. 1981. Preparation of spherical matrixes of prolonged-release drugs from liquid suspension. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70(8): 913-916.
Kawashima Y, Okumura M and Takenaka H. 1982. Spherical crystallization: direct spherical agglomeration of salicylic acid crystals during crystallization. Science, 216(4550): 1127-1128.
Kawashima Y, Yang Lin S, Naito M and Takenaka H. 1982. Direct agglomeration of sodium theophylline crystals produced by salting out in liquid. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 30(5): 1837 -1843.
Lerk CF, Schoonen AJM and Fell JT. 1976. Contact angles and wetting of pharmaceutical powders. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 65(6):843-847.
Martino DP, Barthelemy C, Piva F, Joiris E, Palmieri GF and Martelli S. 1999. Improved dissolution behavior of fenbufen by spherical crystallization. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 25(10):1073-1081.
Martino DP, Cristofaro DR, Barthelemy C, Joiris E, Filippo GP and Sante M. 2000. Improved compression properties of propylphenazone spherical crystals. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 197(1-2): 95-106.
Mehrotra VP, Sastry KVS and Morey BW. 1983. Review of oil agglomeration techniques for processing of fine coals. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 11(3): 175-201.
Morishima K, Kawashima Y, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Niwa T and Hino T. 1993. Micromeritic characteristics and agglomeration mechanisms in the spherical crystallization of bucillamine by the spherical agglomeration and the emulsion solvent diffusion methods. Powder Technology, 76(1): 57-64.
Morishima K, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Niwa T, Hino T and Kawashima Y. 1994. Tabletting properties of bucillamine agglomerates prepared by the spherical crystallization technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 105(1):11-18.
Niwa T, Takeuchi H, Hino T, Itoh A, Kawashima Y and Kiuchi K. 1994. Preparation of agglomerated crystals for direct tabletting and microencapsulation by the spherical crystallization technique with a continuous system. Pharmaceutical Research, 11(4): 478-484.
Niwa T, Takeuchi H, Hino T, Itoh A, Kawashima Y and Kiuchi K. 1994. Preparation of pharmaceutical agglomerated crystals for direct tabletting and microencapsulation by the spherical crystallization technique with a continuous system. 6th Int. symp. Agglomeration, Nagoya, Japan. Pharmaceutical Research, 11(4): 478-484.
Pawar PH, Pawar AP, Mahadik KR and Paradkar AR. 1998. Evaluation of tableting properties of agglomerates obtained by spherical crystallization of trimethoprim. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 60(1):24-28.
Puechagut HG, Bianchotti J and Chiale CA. 1998. Preparation of norfloxacin spherical agglomerates using the ammonia diffusion system. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 87(4): 519-523.
Rao TC and Vanangamudi M. 1984. Quantitative studies on the coal-oil agglomeration process. Powder Technology, 40(1-3): 195-205.
Ribardiere A, Tchoreloff P, Couarraze G and Puisieux F. 1996. Modification of ketoprofen bead structure produced by the spherical crystallization technique with a two-solvent system. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 144(2):195-207.
Sano A, Kuriki T, Handa T, Takeuchi H and Kawashima Y. 1987. Particle design of tolbutamide in the presence of soluble polymer or surfactant by the spherical crystallization technique: improvement of dissolution rate. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 76(6): 471-474.
Sano A, Kuriki T, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H and Niwa T. 1989. Particle design of tolbutamide by the spherical crystallization technique. II. Factors causing polymorphism of tolbutamide spherical agglomerates. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37(8):2183-2187.
Sano A, Kuriki T, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Hino T and Niwa T. 1990. Particle design of tolbutamide by the spherical crystallization technique. III Micromeritic properties and dissolution rate of tolbutamide spherical agglomerates prepared by the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method and the solvent change method. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 38(3): 733-739.
Sano A, Kuriki T, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Hino T and Niwa T. 1992. Particle design of tolbutamide by the spherical crystallization technique, V, Improvement of dissolution and bioavailability of direct compressed tablets prepared using tolbutamide agglomerated crystals. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 40(11): 3030- 3035.
Smith HM and Puddington IE. 1960. Spherical agglomeration of barium sulphate. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 38(10): 1911 -1916.
Szabone RP, Pintyene HK, Kasa PJr, Eros I, Hasznosne NM and Farkas B. 1998. Spherical crystallization in pharmaceutical technology. Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica, 68(2): 113-117.
Ueda M, Nakamura Y, Makita H, Imasato Y and Kawashima Y, 1990. Particle design of enoxacin by spherical crystallization technique. I, Principle of ammonia diffusion system (ADS). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 38(9): 2537-2541.
Ueda M, Nakamura Y, Makita H, Imasato Y and Kawashima Y. 1991. Particle design of enoxacin by spherical crystallization technique. II. characteristics of agglomerated crystals. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 39(5): 1277-1281.
Vanangamudi M and Rao TC. 1984. Kinetic study of agglomerate growth in coal –oil agglomeration process. Fuel, 63(6): 738-743.
Akbuga J. 1991. Furosemide-loaded ethyl cellulose (EC) microspheres prepared by spherical crystallization technique: Morphology and release characteristics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 76(3): 193-198.
Bermer GG and Zuiderweg FG. 1992. Proceedings of international symposium of fine particles, AIME. New York. 1524-1546 P.
Bus AS and Heerens JJ. 1982. Light backscattering as a technique to measure solids particle size and concentration in suspension. Chemical Engineering Communications, 16(1-6): 301-311.
Capes CE and Darcovich K. 1984. A survey of oil agglomeration in wet fine coal processing. Powder Technology, 40(1-3): 43-52.
Capes CE and Sutherland JP. 1967. Formation of spheres from finely divided solids in liquid suspension. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 6(1):146-154.
Chourasia MK, Nitin K. Jain, Jain S, Jain NK and Jain SK. 2003. Preparation and characterization of agglomerates of flurbiprofen by spherical crystallization technique. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 65(3): 287-291.
Deshpande MC, Mahadik KR, Pawar AP and Paradkar AR. 1997. Evaluation of spherical crystallization as a particle size enlargement technique for aspirin. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59(1): 32-34.
Gonzalez DA and Biscans B. 2002. spherical agglomeration during crystallization mof of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Powder Technology, 128 (2-3): 188-194.
Gordonx MS and Chowhan ZT. 1990. Manipulation of naproxen crystal particle morphology via the spherical crystallization technique to achieve a directly compressible raw material. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 16(8): 1279-1290.
Gulinkina IR, Ezhokova ZI, Kozloca TS, Konysheva LI, Makarovskaya GK and Sillina TV. 1980. Study of the physio-chemical properties of the yellow azo pigment. Zh Prikl. Khim, 53: 85- 90.
Jayaswai SB, Reddy TSR, Vijay Kumar M and Gupta VK. 1995. Preparation and evaluation of captopril microspheres by spherical crystallization. Indian Drugs, 32(9):454-457.
Jbilou M, Ettabia A, Guyot-Hermann AM and Guyot JC. 1999. Ibuprofen agglomerates preparation by phase separation. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 25(3):297-305.
Kachrimanis K, Nikolakakis I and Malamataris S. 2000. Spherical crystal agglomeration of ibuprofen by the solvent-change technique in presence of methacrylic polymers. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 89(2): 250-259.
Kawashima T, Okumura M, Takenaka H and Kojima A. 1984. Direct preparation of spherically agglomerated salicylic acid crystals during crystallization. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73(11): 1535 -1538.
Kawashima Y and Capes CE. 1976. Further studies of the Kinetics of spherical agglomeration in a stirred vessel. Powder Technology, 13(2): 279-288.
Kawashima Y, Aoki S, Takenaka H and Miyake Y. 1984. Preparation of spherically agglomerated crystals of aminophylline. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73(10):1407-1410.
Kawashima Y, Cui F, Takeuchi H, Niwa T, Hino T and Kiuchi K. 1994. Improvements in flowability and compressibility of pharmaceutical crystals for direct tabletting by spherical crystallization with a two-solvent system. Powder Technology, 78(2):151-157.
Kawashima Y, Cui F, Takeuchi H, Niwa T, Hino T and kiuchi K. 1995. Improved static compression behaviors and tablettabilities of spherically agglomerated crystals produced by the spherical crystallization technique with a two-solvent system. Pharmaceutical Research, 12(7): 1040-1044.
Kawashima Y, Furukawa K and Takenaka H. 1981. The physicochemical parameters determining the size of agglomerate prepared by the wet spherical agglomeration technique. Powder Technology, 30(2): 211-216.
Kawashima Y, Iwamoto T, Niwa T, Takeuchi H and Hino T. 1993. Role of the solvent-diffusion-rate modifier in a new emulsion solvent diffusion method for preparation of ketoprofen microspheres. Journal of Microencapsulation, 10(3):329-340.
Kawashima Y, Kurachi Y and Takenaka H. 1982. Preparation of spherical wax matrices of sulfamethoxazole by wet spherical agglomeration technique using a CMSMPR agglomerator. Powder Technology, 32(2): 155-161.
Kawashima Y, Lin SY, Ogawa M, Handa T and Takenaka H. 1985. Preparations of agglomerated crystals of polymorphic mixtures and a new complex of indomethacin—epirizole by the spherical crystallization technique. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 74(11): 1152-1156.
Kawashima Y, Morishima K, Takeuchi H, Niwa T and Hino T. 1991. Crystal design for direct tabletting and coating by the spherical crystallization technique. AIChE Symposium Series, 87(284): 26-32.
Kawashima Y, Naito M, Lin SY and Takenaka H. 1983. An experimental study of the kinetics of the spherical crystallization of aylline sodium theophylline monohydrate. Powder Technology, 34(2): 255-260.
Kawashima Y, Niwa K, Takeuchi H, Hino T and Niwa T. 1990. Effects of amount of bridging liquid on the growth process and the compaction process of agglomerate in wet spherical agglomeration. Yakugaku Zasshi, 110(8): 591-597.
Kawashima Y, Niwa T, Handa T and Takeuchi H. 1987. The Preparation of functional microspheres of pharmaceuticals with acrylic polymer (Eudragit) by a novel spherical crystallization technique. Journal of the Society of Powder Technology of Japan, 24(9): 600-603.
Kawashima Y, Niwa T, Handa T, Takeuchi H, Iwamoto T and Itoh K. 1989. Preparation of controlled-release microspheres of ibuprofen with acrylic polymers by a novel quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 78(1): 68-72.
Kawashima Y, Niwa T, Takeuchi H and Itoh Y. 1992. Hollow microspheres for use as a floating controlled drug delivery system in the stomach. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 81(2):135-140.
Kawashima Y, Niwa T, Takeuchi H, Hino T, Itoh Y and Furuyama S. 1989. Crystal modification of tranilast (oral antiallergic agent) by a novel spherical crystallization technique, 5th International Symposium on Agglomeration. 145-149 P.
Kawashima Y, Ohno H and Takenaka H. 1981. Preparation of spherical matrixes of prolonged-release drugs from liquid suspension. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70(8): 913-916.
Kawashima Y, Okumura M and Takenaka H. 1982. Spherical crystallization: direct spherical agglomeration of salicylic acid crystals during crystallization. Science, 216(4550): 1127-1128.
Kawashima Y, Yang Lin S, Naito M and Takenaka H. 1982. Direct agglomeration of sodium theophylline crystals produced by salting out in liquid. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 30(5): 1837 -1843.
Lerk CF, Schoonen AJM and Fell JT. 1976. Contact angles and wetting of pharmaceutical powders. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 65(6):843-847.
Martino DP, Barthelemy C, Piva F, Joiris E, Palmieri GF and Martelli S. 1999. Improved dissolution behavior of fenbufen by spherical crystallization. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 25(10):1073-1081.
Martino DP, Cristofaro DR, Barthelemy C, Joiris E, Filippo GP and Sante M. 2000. Improved compression properties of propylphenazone spherical crystals. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 197(1-2): 95-106.
Mehrotra VP, Sastry KVS and Morey BW. 1983. Review of oil agglomeration techniques for processing of fine coals. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 11(3): 175-201.
Morishima K, Kawashima Y, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Niwa T and Hino T. 1993. Micromeritic characteristics and agglomeration mechanisms in the spherical crystallization of bucillamine by the spherical agglomeration and the emulsion solvent diffusion methods. Powder Technology, 76(1): 57-64.
Morishima K, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Niwa T, Hino T and Kawashima Y. 1994. Tabletting properties of bucillamine agglomerates prepared by the spherical crystallization technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 105(1):11-18.
Niwa T, Takeuchi H, Hino T, Itoh A, Kawashima Y and Kiuchi K. 1994. Preparation of agglomerated crystals for direct tabletting and microencapsulation by the spherical crystallization technique with a continuous system. Pharmaceutical Research, 11(4): 478-484.
Niwa T, Takeuchi H, Hino T, Itoh A, Kawashima Y and Kiuchi K. 1994. Preparation of pharmaceutical agglomerated crystals for direct tabletting and microencapsulation by the spherical crystallization technique with a continuous system. 6th Int. symp. Agglomeration, Nagoya, Japan. Pharmaceutical Research, 11(4): 478-484.
Pawar PH, Pawar AP, Mahadik KR and Paradkar AR. 1998. Evaluation of tableting properties of agglomerates obtained by spherical crystallization of trimethoprim. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 60(1):24-28.
Puechagut HG, Bianchotti J and Chiale CA. 1998. Preparation of norfloxacin spherical agglomerates using the ammonia diffusion system. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 87(4): 519-523.
Rao TC and Vanangamudi M. 1984. Quantitative studies on the coal-oil agglomeration process. Powder Technology, 40(1-3): 195-205.
Ribardiere A, Tchoreloff P, Couarraze G and Puisieux F. 1996. Modification of ketoprofen bead structure produced by the spherical crystallization technique with a two-solvent system. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 144(2):195-207.
Sano A, Kuriki T, Handa T, Takeuchi H and Kawashima Y. 1987. Particle design of tolbutamide in the presence of soluble polymer or surfactant by the spherical crystallization technique: improvement of dissolution rate. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 76(6): 471-474.
Sano A, Kuriki T, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H and Niwa T. 1989. Particle design of tolbutamide by the spherical crystallization technique. II. Factors causing polymorphism of tolbutamide spherical agglomerates. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37(8):2183-2187.
Sano A, Kuriki T, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Hino T and Niwa T. 1990. Particle design of tolbutamide by the spherical crystallization technique. III Micromeritic properties and dissolution rate of tolbutamide spherical agglomerates prepared by the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method and the solvent change method. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 38(3): 733-739.
Sano A, Kuriki T, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Hino T and Niwa T. 1992. Particle design of tolbutamide by the spherical crystallization technique, V, Improvement of dissolution and bioavailability of direct compressed tablets prepared using tolbutamide agglomerated crystals. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 40(11): 3030- 3035.
Smith HM and Puddington IE. 1960. Spherical agglomeration of barium sulphate. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 38(10): 1911 -1916.
Szabone RP, Pintyene HK, Kasa PJr, Eros I, Hasznosne NM and Farkas B. 1998. Spherical crystallization in pharmaceutical technology. Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica, 68(2): 113-117.
Ueda M, Nakamura Y, Makita H, Imasato Y and Kawashima Y, 1990. Particle design of enoxacin by spherical crystallization technique. I, Principle of ammonia diffusion system (ADS). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 38(9): 2537-2541.
Ueda M, Nakamura Y, Makita H, Imasato Y and Kawashima Y. 1991. Particle design of enoxacin by spherical crystallization technique. II. characteristics of agglomerated crystals. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 39(5): 1277-1281.
Vanangamudi M and Rao TC. 1984. Kinetic study of agglomerate growth in coal –oil agglomeration process. Fuel, 63(6): 738-743.
Published
2014-08-13
How to Cite
N, M., & A, H. T. R. (2014). Evaluation of spherical agglomerated crystals of Lomefloxacin by IR and optical microscopy. Journal of Research in Biology, 4(5), 1402-1414. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/358
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