Comparative efficacy of ivermectin (inj. vermic), fenbendazole (peraclear) and albendazole (almex-vet) against gastrointestinal nematodiasis in goats
Keywords:
Comparative efficacy, gastrointestinal nematodes, goats and Sylhet
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200μgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the faecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight were recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. McMaster fecal egg counting method disclose the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. The body weight of the treated animals were slightly increased which were significant (p<0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p>0.05 and p<0.01) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p>0.05) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh.
References
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Baggherwal RK, Sisodia RS and Ghosal SB. 1991. Efficacy of Ivermectin against naturally acquired nematodiasis in goats with special reference to its residual effect. Indian Vet. Med. J., 15(4):291-292.
BBS. 1998. Agricultural Census 1983-84. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Beck AAH, Beck AA and Moreria WS. 1971. Levamisole in sheep. Revistadocenteo da Ciecias Russis 1: 113-120.
Chand-Thakuri K, Thakur RP and Rai K. 1994. Comparative efficacy of Fenbendazole, Mebendazole and Krimos powder against natural infection of gastrointestinal nematodiasis of goats. Vet. Review-Kathmandu, 9:1-3.
Coffin DL. 1995. Manual of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Third ed. Coinstock Publishing Associates. Inc. Ithaca New York, 116-157.
Docastro M and Cocuzza U. 1995. Efficacy of Ivermectin in reducing gastrointestinal nematode fecal egg counts in goat in Burundi. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 23:173-178.
DLS. 2007. Government of Bangladesh, Directorate of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dale MM and Haylett DG. 2004. Pharmacology Condensed. 1st Edn., Chirchill Livingston, Elsevier Ltd., UK., pp: 109-110.
Einsteinm R, Jones RS, Knifton A and Starmer GA 1994. Principles of Veterinary Therapeutics. Logman Scientific and Technicals, UK., pp: 490-507.
Gillespie RAM, Williamson LH, Terrill TH and Kaplan RM. 2010. Efficacy of anthelmintics on South American camelid (llama and alpaca) farms in Georgia. Veterinary Parasitology, 172: 168-171.
Gray GD, Presson BL, Albers GAA, Le Jambre LF, Piper LR and Barker JSF. 1987. Comparison of within-and between-Breed Variation in Resistance to Haemonchosis in sheep. In: Merino Improvement Programs in Australia, McGuirk, B.J. (Ed.). Australian Wool Corporation, Melbourne, Australia, pp: 365-369.
Gordong H. McL and Whitlock HV. 1939. A new technique for counting nematode eggs in sheep feces. JCSIR, Australia, 12:50-52.
Guha C and Banerjee AK. 1987. Efficacy of four anthelmintics in the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats, a comparative assesment. Indian Vet. J., 64:335-337.
Guha CS. Roy and Banerjee AK. 1996. Efficacy of Albendazole (Axalgon) in the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats in West Bengal. Indian Vet. J., 63:1042-1044.
Hosseini SH, Eslami A and Safari M. 2000. Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes with emphasis on Bunostomum trigonocephalum in naturally infected sheep. J. Fac. Vet. Med., 55:39-41.
Haq SB, Verma B and Thakur DK. 1984. Efficacy of Fenbendazole against mixed infections with gastrointestinal nematodiasis in goat. Indian Vet. J., 61:509-511
Howell SB, Burke JM, Miller JE, Terrill TH, Valencia E, Williams MJ, Williamson LH, Zajac AM and Kaplan RM. 2008. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the Southeastern United States. J Anim. Vet. Med. Assoc. 233(12): 1913-19.
Islam KS. 1985. Present situation of livestock and Poultry Diseases in Bangladesh. In Jabbar, M. A. Bangladesh Poshushampad Unnayan – Neiti O Kowshal. BARC, Dhaka and ADC, N. Y. P., 48-128.
Islam MI, Rafiq KM, Mostafa, Alim MA and Haque MA. 1994. Efficacy of Ivermectin against lice and ticks infestation in goats of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Veterinarian, 15: 29-32.
Islam AM, Awal MA, Islam MR, Alam J, Rahman MM, Rahman M and Anwar AKM. 2003. Efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes and ectoparasites in calves. Ind. Vet. J., 80:1173-1176.
Isles DH, Davison M and Frost RJ. 1985. Influences of frequency of anthelmintic treatment on the growth rate of Australian Fresian shahwal heifers. Aust Vet J, 62, 189-191.
Jabbar MA and Green HAG. 1983. The Status and Potential of Livestock Within the Context of Agricultural Development Policy in Bangladesh. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK., ISBN-13:9780902124356, pp:113-145.
Kaplan RM, Burke JM, Terrill TH, Miller JE and Getz WR. 2004. Validation of the FAMMACHA eye color chart for detecting clinical anaemia in sheep and goats on farms in the Southern United States. Vet. Parasitol. 123:105-120.
Mukherjee RR, Laha D. Bhattacharya and Reena Mukherjee. 1994. Comparative efficacy of tetramisole, Fenbendazole and Ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematode infection in Pashmina (Cashmere) goats. Indian J. Anim. Health, 33:125-127.
Mukherjee BN. 1992. Efficacy of albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected calves. Indian Vet. Med. J., 16: 292-295.
Nettleton D and Beckett P. 1976. Hematology of the indigenous goat in Swizerland. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 8: 60-61.
Preston JM and Allonby EW. 1978. The influence of breed on the susceptibility of sheep and goats to a single experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus. Vet. Record., 103: 509-512.
Praslicka JP, Pilko M. Varady and Corba J. 1995. Occurrence of levamisole and tetramisole resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Vet. Med., 40:45-48.
Pandit S, Ghosh JD, Chinya A, Mandal M, Jas R and Moi S. 2009. Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of Ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole against naturally occurring gastrointestinal nematodiasis in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Parasitological, 23(2): 971-973.
Ram H, Rasool TJ, Sharma AK, Meena HR and Singh SK. 2007. Comparative efficacy of different anthelmintics against fenbendazole resistant nematodes in Pashmina goats. Vet. Res. Commun., 31: 719-723.
Richard RJ, Bowen FL, Essenwein F, Steiger RF and Buscher G. 1990. The efficacy of triclabendazole and other anthelmintics against Fasciola hepatica in controlled studies in cattle. Vet. Record., 126: 213-216.
Perry BD, Randolph TF, Mc Dermott JJ, Sones KR and Thornton PK. 2002. Investigating in a animal health research to alleviate poverty. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya pp: 148.
Pomroy WE, Gething MA and Charlexton WAG. 1998. The efficacy of Albendazole against some gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. New Zealand Vet. J., 36:105-107.
Ponikarov AV. 1989. Efficacy of Ivomec-F injection in sheep. By Uleten- Vesesoyunogo-Instituta-Gelmintologi-im,-K-1-Kryabina, 52:86.
Prodhan KB, Thakur DK and Sudham NA. 1993. Hematobiochemical changes in goats with natural helmintic infection in Ranchi. J. Res. Agric. University. 3(1): 119-121.
Russel DF. 1996. MSTAT Director. crop and soil science department, Michigan state university, USA.
Rehman KU, Javed K, Tunio MT and Kuthu ZH. 2009. Passive survalance of Gastro intestinal parasites in buffaloes of mandi Bahauddin and Gujrat districts of the Punjab. J. Animal & Plant Sci., 19(1):17-19.
Rossanigo CR, Richard RJ, Bowen FT and Silva CJ. 1993. Gastrointestinal nematodes: Effects on production of native goats in San Luis (Argentina). Control strategy. Revista Argentina de Produc. Ani., 13; 283-293.
Silvestre A, Chartier C, Sauve C and Cabaret J. 2000. Relationship between helminth species diversity, intensity of infection and breeding management in dairy goats. Vet. Parasitol. 94:91-105.
Stevenson CR, Mahoney RH, Fisara P, Strehlau G and Reichel MP. 2002. The efficacy of formulations of triclabendazole and ivermectin in combination against liver fluke and gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle and sheep and sucking lice species in cattle. Aus. Vet. J., 80:698-701.
Sahlu T, Dawson LJ, Gipson TA, Hart SP and Merkel RC. 2009. ASAS Centennial paper: Impact of animal science research on United States goat production and prediction for the future. J. Anim. Sci., 87: 400-418.
Sharma LK and Jagadish S. 1991. Efficacy of levamisole administered through different routes against gastrointestinal nematodes in cross breed cattle. Indian vet. J. 68: 16-18.
Snedecor GW and Cochran WG. 1967. Statistical Methods. Fifth Edn. The lowa State Univ. Press, Ames lowa, U. S. A.
Soulsby EJL. 1986. Helminth, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated animals, 7th edition. The ELBS and Bailiers, Tindle, Cassell, London, p-216,234,763-766.
Shastri UV. 1989. Efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodiasis infection in goat. Indian Vet. J., 66: 345-346.
Tariq KA, Chishti MZ and Ahmad F. 2010. Gastro-intestinal nematode infections in goats relative to season, host sex and age from the Kashmir valley. India J Helminthol., 84(1):93-7.
Thedford TR, Worman FD and Kelmogile KM. 1990. Effects of Ivermectin on Packed Cell Volume of goats when used to treat lice infestation. ATIP working paper. WP-26, II-6pp.
Thejeomoorthy P, Sundararama MN, Napolean RE and gajendran K. 1995. Comparative efficacy of Fenbendazole and Levamisole against nematode in calves. Cheiron. 24(5-6): 154-162.
Vesconcelos OT, Costa AJ, Aranties GJ, Barbosa OF and paulillo AC. 1995. Anthelmintics activity of pour on levamisole against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Revista Brasileira Parasitological Veterinaria. 4:95-98.
Windon RG. 1990. Selective breeding for the control of nematodiasis in sheep. Rev. Sci. Tech., 9: 555-576.
Williams JC and Broussared SD. 1995. Comparative efficacy of levamisole, thiabendazole and fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes. Veterinay parasitology, 58(1-2): 83-90.
Yousif YA, Al-Khalidi NW, Zenad MM and Al-Daher SH. 1988. Therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes, lung worm and lice infestation in sheep. J. Vet. Parasitol., 2:56-61.
Yadav CL, Ghouri SK, Singh BP and Sharma MC. 1996. Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus of sheep and goats in Uttar Pradesh in India. J. Vet. Parasitology, 10:47-51.
Zajac AM, Thatcher CD, Brock RA, Umberger SH and Notter DR. 1992. Comparison of ivermectin formulations in an ovine parasite controlprogramme. Vet. Rec., 130: 333-354.
Baggherwal RK, Sisodia RS and Ghosal SB. 1991. Efficacy of Ivermectin against naturally acquired nematodiasis in goats with special reference to its residual effect. Indian Vet. Med. J., 15(4):291-292.
BBS. 1998. Agricultural Census 1983-84. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Beck AAH, Beck AA and Moreria WS. 1971. Levamisole in sheep. Revistadocenteo da Ciecias Russis 1: 113-120.
Chand-Thakuri K, Thakur RP and Rai K. 1994. Comparative efficacy of Fenbendazole, Mebendazole and Krimos powder against natural infection of gastrointestinal nematodiasis of goats. Vet. Review-Kathmandu, 9:1-3.
Coffin DL. 1995. Manual of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Third ed. Coinstock Publishing Associates. Inc. Ithaca New York, 116-157.
Docastro M and Cocuzza U. 1995. Efficacy of Ivermectin in reducing gastrointestinal nematode fecal egg counts in goat in Burundi. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 23:173-178.
DLS. 2007. Government of Bangladesh, Directorate of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dale MM and Haylett DG. 2004. Pharmacology Condensed. 1st Edn., Chirchill Livingston, Elsevier Ltd., UK., pp: 109-110.
Einsteinm R, Jones RS, Knifton A and Starmer GA 1994. Principles of Veterinary Therapeutics. Logman Scientific and Technicals, UK., pp: 490-507.
Gillespie RAM, Williamson LH, Terrill TH and Kaplan RM. 2010. Efficacy of anthelmintics on South American camelid (llama and alpaca) farms in Georgia. Veterinary Parasitology, 172: 168-171.
Gray GD, Presson BL, Albers GAA, Le Jambre LF, Piper LR and Barker JSF. 1987. Comparison of within-and between-Breed Variation in Resistance to Haemonchosis in sheep. In: Merino Improvement Programs in Australia, McGuirk, B.J. (Ed.). Australian Wool Corporation, Melbourne, Australia, pp: 365-369.
Gordong H. McL and Whitlock HV. 1939. A new technique for counting nematode eggs in sheep feces. JCSIR, Australia, 12:50-52.
Guha C and Banerjee AK. 1987. Efficacy of four anthelmintics in the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats, a comparative assesment. Indian Vet. J., 64:335-337.
Guha CS. Roy and Banerjee AK. 1996. Efficacy of Albendazole (Axalgon) in the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats in West Bengal. Indian Vet. J., 63:1042-1044.
Hosseini SH, Eslami A and Safari M. 2000. Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes with emphasis on Bunostomum trigonocephalum in naturally infected sheep. J. Fac. Vet. Med., 55:39-41.
Haq SB, Verma B and Thakur DK. 1984. Efficacy of Fenbendazole against mixed infections with gastrointestinal nematodiasis in goat. Indian Vet. J., 61:509-511
Howell SB, Burke JM, Miller JE, Terrill TH, Valencia E, Williams MJ, Williamson LH, Zajac AM and Kaplan RM. 2008. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the Southeastern United States. J Anim. Vet. Med. Assoc. 233(12): 1913-19.
Islam KS. 1985. Present situation of livestock and Poultry Diseases in Bangladesh. In Jabbar, M. A. Bangladesh Poshushampad Unnayan – Neiti O Kowshal. BARC, Dhaka and ADC, N. Y. P., 48-128.
Islam MI, Rafiq KM, Mostafa, Alim MA and Haque MA. 1994. Efficacy of Ivermectin against lice and ticks infestation in goats of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Veterinarian, 15: 29-32.
Islam AM, Awal MA, Islam MR, Alam J, Rahman MM, Rahman M and Anwar AKM. 2003. Efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes and ectoparasites in calves. Ind. Vet. J., 80:1173-1176.
Isles DH, Davison M and Frost RJ. 1985. Influences of frequency of anthelmintic treatment on the growth rate of Australian Fresian shahwal heifers. Aust Vet J, 62, 189-191.
Jabbar MA and Green HAG. 1983. The Status and Potential of Livestock Within the Context of Agricultural Development Policy in Bangladesh. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK., ISBN-13:9780902124356, pp:113-145.
Kaplan RM, Burke JM, Terrill TH, Miller JE and Getz WR. 2004. Validation of the FAMMACHA eye color chart for detecting clinical anaemia in sheep and goats on farms in the Southern United States. Vet. Parasitol. 123:105-120.
Mukherjee RR, Laha D. Bhattacharya and Reena Mukherjee. 1994. Comparative efficacy of tetramisole, Fenbendazole and Ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematode infection in Pashmina (Cashmere) goats. Indian J. Anim. Health, 33:125-127.
Mukherjee BN. 1992. Efficacy of albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected calves. Indian Vet. Med. J., 16: 292-295.
Nettleton D and Beckett P. 1976. Hematology of the indigenous goat in Swizerland. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 8: 60-61.
Preston JM and Allonby EW. 1978. The influence of breed on the susceptibility of sheep and goats to a single experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus. Vet. Record., 103: 509-512.
Praslicka JP, Pilko M. Varady and Corba J. 1995. Occurrence of levamisole and tetramisole resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Vet. Med., 40:45-48.
Pandit S, Ghosh JD, Chinya A, Mandal M, Jas R and Moi S. 2009. Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of Ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole against naturally occurring gastrointestinal nematodiasis in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Parasitological, 23(2): 971-973.
Ram H, Rasool TJ, Sharma AK, Meena HR and Singh SK. 2007. Comparative efficacy of different anthelmintics against fenbendazole resistant nematodes in Pashmina goats. Vet. Res. Commun., 31: 719-723.
Richard RJ, Bowen FL, Essenwein F, Steiger RF and Buscher G. 1990. The efficacy of triclabendazole and other anthelmintics against Fasciola hepatica in controlled studies in cattle. Vet. Record., 126: 213-216.
Perry BD, Randolph TF, Mc Dermott JJ, Sones KR and Thornton PK. 2002. Investigating in a animal health research to alleviate poverty. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya pp: 148.
Pomroy WE, Gething MA and Charlexton WAG. 1998. The efficacy of Albendazole against some gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. New Zealand Vet. J., 36:105-107.
Ponikarov AV. 1989. Efficacy of Ivomec-F injection in sheep. By Uleten- Vesesoyunogo-Instituta-Gelmintologi-im,-K-1-Kryabina, 52:86.
Prodhan KB, Thakur DK and Sudham NA. 1993. Hematobiochemical changes in goats with natural helmintic infection in Ranchi. J. Res. Agric. University. 3(1): 119-121.
Russel DF. 1996. MSTAT Director. crop and soil science department, Michigan state university, USA.
Rehman KU, Javed K, Tunio MT and Kuthu ZH. 2009. Passive survalance of Gastro intestinal parasites in buffaloes of mandi Bahauddin and Gujrat districts of the Punjab. J. Animal & Plant Sci., 19(1):17-19.
Rossanigo CR, Richard RJ, Bowen FT and Silva CJ. 1993. Gastrointestinal nematodes: Effects on production of native goats in San Luis (Argentina). Control strategy. Revista Argentina de Produc. Ani., 13; 283-293.
Silvestre A, Chartier C, Sauve C and Cabaret J. 2000. Relationship between helminth species diversity, intensity of infection and breeding management in dairy goats. Vet. Parasitol. 94:91-105.
Stevenson CR, Mahoney RH, Fisara P, Strehlau G and Reichel MP. 2002. The efficacy of formulations of triclabendazole and ivermectin in combination against liver fluke and gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle and sheep and sucking lice species in cattle. Aus. Vet. J., 80:698-701.
Sahlu T, Dawson LJ, Gipson TA, Hart SP and Merkel RC. 2009. ASAS Centennial paper: Impact of animal science research on United States goat production and prediction for the future. J. Anim. Sci., 87: 400-418.
Sharma LK and Jagadish S. 1991. Efficacy of levamisole administered through different routes against gastrointestinal nematodes in cross breed cattle. Indian vet. J. 68: 16-18.
Snedecor GW and Cochran WG. 1967. Statistical Methods. Fifth Edn. The lowa State Univ. Press, Ames lowa, U. S. A.
Soulsby EJL. 1986. Helminth, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated animals, 7th edition. The ELBS and Bailiers, Tindle, Cassell, London, p-216,234,763-766.
Shastri UV. 1989. Efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodiasis infection in goat. Indian Vet. J., 66: 345-346.
Tariq KA, Chishti MZ and Ahmad F. 2010. Gastro-intestinal nematode infections in goats relative to season, host sex and age from the Kashmir valley. India J Helminthol., 84(1):93-7.
Thedford TR, Worman FD and Kelmogile KM. 1990. Effects of Ivermectin on Packed Cell Volume of goats when used to treat lice infestation. ATIP working paper. WP-26, II-6pp.
Thejeomoorthy P, Sundararama MN, Napolean RE and gajendran K. 1995. Comparative efficacy of Fenbendazole and Levamisole against nematode in calves. Cheiron. 24(5-6): 154-162.
Vesconcelos OT, Costa AJ, Aranties GJ, Barbosa OF and paulillo AC. 1995. Anthelmintics activity of pour on levamisole against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Revista Brasileira Parasitological Veterinaria. 4:95-98.
Windon RG. 1990. Selective breeding for the control of nematodiasis in sheep. Rev. Sci. Tech., 9: 555-576.
Williams JC and Broussared SD. 1995. Comparative efficacy of levamisole, thiabendazole and fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes. Veterinay parasitology, 58(1-2): 83-90.
Yousif YA, Al-Khalidi NW, Zenad MM and Al-Daher SH. 1988. Therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes, lung worm and lice infestation in sheep. J. Vet. Parasitol., 2:56-61.
Yadav CL, Ghouri SK, Singh BP and Sharma MC. 1996. Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus of sheep and goats in Uttar Pradesh in India. J. Vet. Parasitology, 10:47-51.
Zajac AM, Thatcher CD, Brock RA, Umberger SH and Notter DR. 1992. Comparison of ivermectin formulations in an ovine parasite controlprogramme. Vet. Rec., 130: 333-354.
Published
2015-05-14
How to Cite
Aktaruzzaman, M., Mirazul Islam, M., Mohamed, Z., Islam, M. S., & Howlader, M. R. (2015). Comparative efficacy of ivermectin (inj. vermic), fenbendazole (peraclear) and albendazole (almex-vet) against gastrointestinal nematodiasis in goats. Journal of Research in Biology, 5(3), 1689-1698. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/378
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