Geopolitical and environmental study of artificial islands in the Persian Gulf (from the perspective of international law)
Keywords:
Persian gulf, Artificial islands, Environmental impacts, Geopolitical, International environmental law
Abstract
According to the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, constructing artificial island is permitted and countries can construct artificial islands in their own territory. Constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in the region, especially Iran, to pursue the issue with more sensitivity. According to data dissemination principle of International Environmental Law, the countries that construct artificial islands should notify other states regarding construction and properties of their own artificial islands. Today, artificial island construction is being increased and this has caused many environmental crises including increase of water darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. In this study, the destructive results of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment, the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and also constructing artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas have been reviewed. Moreover, according to the fact that the notion of governance in modern International Law have been modified regarding the use of environment and sustainable development, the states will have limited right to construct artificial islands.
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Ashqaly A. (2010). The construction of artificial Islands in the Persian Gulf from the perspective of International Law of the Environment. Research and Scientific Quarterly (In Persian).
Bahman Aghai Diba. (2009). Legal regime of the Artificial Islands in the Persian Gulf. Soochow Law Journal, 6(3): 1-3 (In Persian).
Butler T. (2005). Dubai's Artificial Islands Have High Environmental Cost the Price of "The World". Dubai's Artificial Future,
Christopher CE and Hopkins C. (2007). Test Report for „Reef Systems‟ At the Palm Jumeirah. Astorp, Sweden, 19 p.
Churchill R and Lu A. (1988). The International Sea Law by Translation of Agai. The Office Poltical and International Studies, 5th ed. Sixth Publish, Tehran (In Persian).
Dolatyar M and Gray T. (1999). Water politics in the middle east: a context for conflict or cooperation?. Springer, 255 p.
Fowler J and Thomas Stephen C (2009). Amwaj islands constructed with geotubes. Bahrain, 14 p.
Fowler SW. (1993). Pollution in the Gulf, Monitoring the Marine Environment. IAEA Bulletin. 13 p.
Francis J, Nilsson A and Waruinge D. (2002). Marine protected areas in the Eastern African region: how successful are they?. A Journal of the Human Environment, 31(7): 503-511.
Glassner MI and Martin Ira. (1993). Political Geography. New York: John Wiley and Sons, INC.
Greta Jones. (1980). Social Darwinism and English thought: the interaction between biological and social theory, Harvester Press, the University of Michigan, 234p. Available from: http://www.politicsprofessor.com/ politicaltheories /organic-theory-of-the-state.php.
Kim SK. (2015). Marine Pollution Response in Northeast Asia and the NOWPAP Regime. Ocean Development and International Law, 46(4): 17-32.
Krane J. (2005). Arab Island Resorts Are Reshaping Geography. Associated Press, Available from: http://www.stumbleupon.com,
Kumar A. (2009). Reclaimed Islands and New Offshore Townships in the Arabian Gulf: Potential Natural Hazards. Current Science, 96(4): 1-6.
McCreery K and Khurshid M. (2009). Introduction to Civil Engineering Critique.
Mirhydar D. (2007). The Trend of Territoriality of the Littoral Countries in the Persian Gulf. International Quarterly of Geopolitics, 3(1): 1-20 p (In Persian).
Mojtahed Zadeh P. (2001). Security and territorial issues in the Persian Gulf Geopolitics. Marine Institute for Political and International Studies, Tehran, Iran.
Moran D and Russell AJ. (2008). Militarization of Energy Security. Strategic Insights, 7(5): 1-18.
Omidi A. (2007). International Law and the Construction of Artificial Islands. Magazine of Information of Political-economic, 23(3): 73-77 (In Persian).
Ponian C. (2003). The effects of the 1991 Gulfwar on marine and coastal Environment of the Arabian Gulf. M. S. C aquatic resource management, King's college, London. 44 p.
Poole E. (2009). The Dubai Palms: Construction and Environmental Consequences. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress.
Rabionet IC. (2008). Indicators for Evaluating the Impact of Artificial Islands on the Barcelona Coast. Coastal Management, 36(3): 254-273.
Ratzel F. (1901). Der Lebensraum: Eine biogeographische Studie, in: Festgaben fur Albert Sch ¨ a¨ffle zur siebenzigsten Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages am 24. Februar 1901, edited by: Bucher, K., Laupp, ¨ Tubingen
Riegl B. (1998). A new reef marine reserve in the southern Arabian Gulf-Jebel Ali (Dubai, United Arab Emirates). Coral Reefs, 17(4): 398-398.
Salahuddin B. (2006). The environmental impacts of the artificial islands construction in Dubai of the UAE. Duke University.
Salahuddin B. (2008). The marine environmental impacts of artificial island construction (Doctoral dissertation, Duke University). 96 p.
Silviu Costachie and Nicolae Damian (2010). Ratzel and the German geopolitical school-the inception of culture as an essential element and factor in the political geography. Revista Română de Geografie Politică, 12(2): 298-308.
Tsaltas G, Bourtzis T and Rodotheatos G. (2010). Artificial island and structure as a means of safeguarding state sovereignty against sea level rise. A law of Sea Perspective, 17 p.
United Nations University (2005). International network on water, environment and health. Coastal Zone Management in the Persian Gulf.
Vosoughi MB. (2005). On Persian Gulf and neighboring countries. Samt Publication, Tehran, Iran.
Ziai Bigdeli MR. (2009). Public international law. Ganjedanesh Publications (In Persian).
Published
2017-05-14
How to Cite
Ghasemi, S., Poorhashemi, S. A., Zare, A., Farshchi, P., & Bavand, H. (2017). Geopolitical and environmental study of artificial islands in the Persian Gulf (from the perspective of international law). Journal of Research in Biology, 7(3), 2248-2265. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/443
Section
Articles
