Clay mineralogy and sediment grain-size variations as climatic signals in southern part of Urmia Lake cores, North West of Iran
Keywords:
Sediment, Grain size, Clay mineral, Climate, Urmia lake
Abstract
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak (interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size. Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by “Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
References
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Van Stappen G, Fayazi G and Sorgeloos P. (2001). International study on Artemia LXIII. Field Study of the Artemia urmiana (Günther, 1890) population in Lake Urmiah, Iran. Hydrobiologia, 466:133-143.
Velde B. (1995). Origin and mineralogy of clays, clays and the environment. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 356 p.
Zarghami M. (2011). Effective watershed management; case study of Urmia Lake, Iran. In Lake and reservoir Management, 27(1): 87-94.
Zoljoodi M and Didevarasl A. (2014). Water-level fluctuations of Urmia lake: relationship with the long-term changes of meteorological variables (solutions for water-crisis management in Urmia lake Basin). Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 4(3): 358-368.
Alipour S. (2006). Hydrochemistry of Seasonal Variation of Urmia Salt Lake, Iran. Saline Systems, 2(9): Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-1448-2-9
Asikainen CA, Francus P and Brigham-Grette J. (2006). Sedimentology, clay mineralogy and grain-size as indicators of 65 ka of climate change from El’gygytgyn Crater Lake, Northeastern Siberia. Journal of Paleolimnol, 37: 105-122.
Banfield JF, Jones BF and Veblen DR. (1991). An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake' Oregon: II' Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55(10): 2795-2810.
Bischoff JF, Fitts JP, Fitzpatrick JA, Menking KM and King BW. (1993). Geochemistry of sediments in Owens Lake drill hole OL-92. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 93(683): 83-99.
Chamley H. (1989). Clay Sedimentology, Springer-Verlag, New York. 345 p.
Fathian F, Modarres R and Dehghan Z. (2016). Urmia Lake water-level change detection and modeling. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 10.1007/s40808-016-0253-0,
Ghaheri MH and Baghal-Vayjooee NJ. (1999). Lake Urmia, Iran: A Summary Review. International Journal of Salt Lake Research, 8(1): 19-22.
Grimaldi DA. (1988). Relicts in the Drosophilidae in: Zoogeography of Caribbean. JK. Liebherr, ed. Cornell University press, Ithaca, 183-213 p.
Hassanzadeh E Zarghami M and Hassanzadeh Y. (2012). Determining the Main Factors in Declining the Urmia Lake level by using system Dynamics Modelling. Water Resource management, 26(1): 129-145.
Hay RL, Guldman SG, Matthews JC, Lander RH, Duffin ME and Kyser TK. (1991). Clay mineral diagenesis in core KM-3 of Searles Lake, California. Clays and Clay Minerals, 39(1): 84-96.
Jahanbakhsh S, Adalatdost M and Tadayoni M. (2011). Urmia Lake: The Relationship between Sunspots and Climate on the Northwestern of Iran. Geographic Researches Quarterly, 25:16656-16684.
Jalili S, Hamidi SA, Morid S and Namdar Ghanbari R. (2016). Comparative analysis of Lake Urmia and Lake Van water level time series, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9: 644. doi:10.1007/s12517-016-2657-6.
Kelts K and Shahrabi M. (1986). Holocene sedimentalogy of hypersaline Lake Urmia, Northwestern Iran. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 54(1-4): 105-130.
Last W. (2002). Geolimnology of salt lakes, Geosciences Journal, 6(4): 347-369.
Loughnan FC. (1969). Chemical weathering of the silicate minerals: New York. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc, 154 p.
Mahmoei HB, Darvish M, Fathollahzadeh H and Mosayebi M. (2012). Lake Urmia water level variability, weather and climate change. Proceedings of National Conference on Climate Changes and Its Environmental-Agricultural Impacts. Urmia, 727-734.
Menking KM. (1997). Climatic signals in clay mineralogy and grain-size variations in Owens Lake core OL-92, southeast California. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 317 p.
Moore DM and Reynolds RCJ. (1989). X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals: New York, Oxford University Press, 332 p.
Nazaridoust A. (2011). Lake Urmia basin management. Paper presented at the Ramsar Pre-COP22, Asia Regional Meeting, 14-18.
Nelson SA. (2006). Clay minerals. Earth Materials, 211 p.
Newton M. (1991). Holocene stratigraphy and magneto-stratigraphy of Owens and Mono Lakes, eastern California [Ph.D Thesis]: Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 330 p.
Pengra B. (2012). The Drying of Iran’s Lake Urmia and its Environmental Consequences. UNEP Global Environmental Alert Service (GEAS) Bulletin. [Online]. Available from: http://na.unep.net/geas/get UNEPPage With Article ID Script. Php/article-id=79
Rasouly AA. (2008). Monitoring the water-level fluctuations of Urmia Lake through Satellite images analysis. Proceedings of 3th Conference of water resources management in Iran, Tabriz University, 137-165 p.
Sima S, Ahmadalipur A and Tajrishy M. (2013). Mapping surface temperature in a hyper-saline lake and investigating the effect of temperature distribution on the lake evaporation. Remote Sensing of Environment, 136: 374-385.
Sinha R and Raymahashay B. (2004). Evaporite mineralogy and geochemical evolution of the Sambhar salt Lake, Rajasthan, India. Sedimentary Geology, 166(1-2): 59-71.
Sondag F, Soubies F, Ledru MP and Delaune M. (1993). Geochemical markers of palaeo-environments: relations between climatic changes, vegetation and geochemistry of lake sediments, southern Brazil. Applied Geochemistry, 2: 165-170.
Takami GA. (1987). The use of Artemia from Ormia Lake (Iran) as Food for Sturgeon. In: Sorgeloos P, Bengston DA, Decleir W, Jaspers E, Eds., Artemia Research and Its Application Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture, Wetteren: Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, 467-468 p.
Torabian E. (2014). Exploring social vulnerability and environmental migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative insights from the Aral Sea, The State of Environmental Migration 2014, Available from:
http://www.academia.edu/10020686.
Touloie J. (1998). Hydrogeochemistry of Urmia Lake. The 1st Oceanology Conference of Iran, Tehran. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 4(3): 20-23.
(UNEP) United Nations Environment Programme. (2012). Global Environmental Alert Service Bulletin Focuses on Lake Urmia, Iran (GEAS).
Available from: http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/unep-global-environmental-alert-service-bulletin-focuses on-lake-Urmia-Iran.
Vaheddoost B, Aksoy H, Abghari H and Naghadeh S. (2015). Decision tree for measuring the interaction of hyper-saline lake and coastal aquifer in Lake Urmia. Watershed Management 2015: 62-71. doi: 10.1061/9780784479322.006
Vaheddoost B, Aksoy H and Abghari H. (2016). Prediction of water level using monthly lagged data in Lake Urmia, Iran. Water Resources Management, 30(13): 4951-4967
Van Stappen G, Fayazi G and Sorgeloos P. (2001). International study on Artemia LXIII. Field Study of the Artemia urmiana (Günther, 1890) population in Lake Urmiah, Iran. Hydrobiologia, 466:133-143.
Velde B. (1995). Origin and mineralogy of clays, clays and the environment. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 356 p.
Zarghami M. (2011). Effective watershed management; case study of Urmia Lake, Iran. In Lake and reservoir Management, 27(1): 87-94.
Zoljoodi M and Didevarasl A. (2014). Water-level fluctuations of Urmia lake: relationship with the long-term changes of meteorological variables (solutions for water-crisis management in Urmia lake Basin). Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 4(3): 358-368.
Published
2017-05-29
How to Cite
Erfan, S., Rezaei, K., Lak, R., & Aleali, S. M. (2017). Clay mineralogy and sediment grain-size variations as climatic signals in southern part of Urmia Lake cores, North West of Iran. Journal of Research in Biology, 7(4), 2266-2281. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/444
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Articles
