The effect of aggregates stability and physico-chemical properties of gullies’ soil: a case study of Ghori-chai watershed in the Ardabil province, Iran
Keywords:
Aggregate stability, Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD), Mean Weight Diameter (MWD), Soil sensitivity, R software
Abstract
Soil erosion, “particularly gully erosion" is considered as the most important factors of land degradation in semi-arid regions, since Iran is located in a semi-arid region, it is highly susceptible to degradation and erosion. The current study done on land was exposed to erosion in the Ghori-chai watershed, Ardabil province. In order to know the soil samples, they were collected from the gully heads of two depths (0-30, 30-60 cm) (the active points of gullies). Physico-chemical properties of soil samples were analyzed in the field and laboratory. GMD (Geometric Mean Diameter) and MWD (Mean Weight Diameter) factors were used to determine the sensitivity of the gullies' soil to erosion. Using the statistical software R, multivariable regression, and simple linear stepwise regression were applied in order to determine the relationship between soil physico-chemical properties and aggregates stability. Chi-square was used to compare parameters and differences test. Aggregate stability was low on the gullies land, and soil stability has severe and very severe limitations in this region. However the considerable organic carbon is a positive factor in aggregates stability, but high SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) and unsuitable land use have recognized to aggregates instability. The amounts of SAR and OM (Organic Matter) and silt/ (clay+sand) also were analyzed in both the depths and showed that the amount of SAR and OM have significant alternation (changes) in various depths and gullies. However, the amounts of MWD did not show any significant alternation in deeps and gullies.
References
Abdulqadir AS and Mahmood KS. 2016. The effect of some soil physical and chemical properties on soil aggregate stability in different locations in sulaimani and halabja governorate. Open Journal of Soil Science, 6(4): 81-88.
Abid M and Lal R. 2008. Tillage and drainage impact on soil quality I. aggregate stability, carbon and nitrogen pools. Soil Tillage Research, 100(1-2): 89-98.
Abiven S, Menasseri S and Chenu C. 2009. The effects of organic inputs over time on soil aggregate stability a literature analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41(1): 1–12.
Abu-Sharar TM, Bingham FT, Rhoades JD. 1986. Stability of soil aggregate as affected by electrolyte concentration and composition. Soil Science Society of America, 51(2): 309-314.
Ahmadi H. 2006. Applied geomorphology (water erosion), Tehran University Press, 435 p.
Alagöz Z and Yilmaz E. 2009. Effects of different sources of organic matter on soil aggregate formation and stability: a laboratory study on a lithic rhodoxeralf from Turkey. Soil and Tillage Research, 103(2): 419-424.
Bandyopadhyay PK, Saha S, Mani PK and Mandal B. 2010. Effects of organic inputs on aggregate associated organic carbon concentration under long-term rice–wheat cropping system. Geoderma, 154(3-4): 379–386.
Barzegar AR, Rengasamy P and Oades JM. 1995. Effect of clay type and rate of wetting on the mellowing of compacted soils. Geoderma, 68(1-2): 39-49.
Benbi DK and Senapati N. 2010. Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen stabilization in relation to residue and manure application in rice–wheat systems in northwest India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 87(2): 233–247.
Le Bissonnais Y and Arrouays D. 1997. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: ii application to humic loamy soils with various organic carbon contents. European Journal of Soil Science, 48(1): 39–48.
Blanco-Moure N, Moret-Fernandez D and Lopez MV 2012. Dynamics of aggregate destabilization by water in soils under long term conservation tillage in semiarid Spain. Catena. 99: 34– 41.
Bocco G. 2016. Gully erosion analysis: why geopedology matters? Geopedology, 24: 399–410.
Bronick CJ and Lal R. 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma, 124(1-2): 03–22.
Chaney K and Swift RS. 1984. The influence organic matter on aggregate stability in some British soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 35(2): 223–230.
Gardner WR. 1956. Representation of soil aggregate size distribution by a logarithmic-normal distribution 1,2. Soil Science Society of America, 20(2): 151–153.
Guo W, Shi ZH, Chen LD, Li CX, Yan LF and Cai CF. 2007. Effects of topsoil aggregate size on runoff and erosion at hillslope in red soils. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 6: 2516-2522.
Hillel D. 1982. Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego. 392 p.
Janeau JL, Bricquet JP, Planchon O and Valentin C. 2003. Soil crusting and infiltration on steep slopes in northern Thailand. European Journal of Soil Science, 54(3): 543–544.
John B, Yamashita T, Ludwig B and Flessa H. 2005. Storage of organic carbon in aggregate and density fractions of silty soils under different types of land use. Geoderma, 128(1-2): 63–79.
Karami A, Homaee M, Afzalinia S, Ruhipour H and Basirat S. 2012. Organic resource management: impacts on soil aggregate stability and other soil physico-chemical properties. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 148: 22–28.
Karimi H, Sufi D, Haghnia Gh and Khorasani M. 2007. Evaluation of aggregate stability and soil erosion potential in loamy and sandy clay loam soils: a case study Lamard-plain in Fars province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14(1): 1-10 p.
Kemper WD. 1965. Aggregate stability. in: black, CA. (ed.), methods of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 511–519 p.
Kemper WD and Rosenau RC. 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. in: methods of soil analysis. part 1: physical and mineralogical methods. A. Klute ed. No 9, 2nd ed. ASA, Madison, Wis, America.
Kemper WD and Chepil WS. 1965. Size distribution of aggregates. in: black, ca. ed. methods of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 499–510 p.
Knighton D. 1998. Fluvial forms and processes: a new perspective. Routledge. 31 p.
Lal R. 1990. Soil erosion and land degradation: the global risks. Advances in Soil Science, 11: 129–72.
Lal R. 1994. Soil erosion research methods. Delray Beach: St. Lucie Press. 340 p.
Li H, Han X, You M and Xing B. 2015. Organic matter associated with soil aggregate fractions of a black soil in northeast china: impacts of land-use change and long-term fertilization. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 46(4): 405-423.
Liu XB, Zhang XY, Wang YX, Sui TT, Zhang SL, Herbert SJ and Ding G. 2010. Soil degradation: a problem threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in northeast China. Plant Soil Environment, 56(2): 87–97.
Mbagwu JSC. 1989. Specific dispersion energy of soil aggregates in relation to field and laboratory measured stability indices and physical properties. Journal of East African Agricultural and Forestry, 54(9): 173-183.
Movahedi Naini A and Rezai M. 2008. Soil physics (fundamentals and application), Gorgan University Press of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 474 p.
Pirmoradian N, Sepaskhah AR, Hajabbasi MA. 2005. Application of fractal theory to quantify soil aggregate stability as influenced by tillage treatments. Biosystems Engineering, 90(2): 227–234.
Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxanomy (RGCST). 2001. Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Science Press, Beijing. 203 p.
Poesen J, Nachtergaele J, Verstraeten G and Valentin C. 2003. Gully erosion and environment change: importance and research needs. Catena, 50(2-4): 91-133.
Rachman A, Anderson SH, Gantzer CJ and Thompson AL. 2003. Influence of long-term cropping systems on soil physical properties related to soil erodibility. Soil Science Society of America, 67(2): 637-644.
Reusser L, Bierman P and Rood D. 2015. Quantifying human impacts on rates of erosion and sediment transport at a landscape scale. Geology, 43(2): 171-174.
Simansky V, Tobiaˇsova E and Chlp´ık J. 2008. Soil tillage and fertilization of orthic luvisol and their influence on chemical properties, soil structure stability and carbon distribution in water-stable macro-aggregates. Soil and Tillage Research, 100(1-2): 125–132.
Six J, Bossuyt H, Degryze S and Denef K. 2004. A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research 79(1): 7–31.
Six J, Elliott ET and Paustian K. 2000. Soil structure and soil organic matter II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Journal of Soil Science Society of America 64(3): 1042–1049.
Soane BD. 1990. The role of organic matter in soil compactibility: a review of some practical aspects. Soil and Tillage Research, 16(1-2): 179–201.
Soinne H, Hyväluoma J, Ketoja E and Turtola E. 2016. Relative importance of organic carbon, land use and moisture conditions for the aggregate stability of post-glacial clay soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 158: 1-9,
Spohn M and Giani L. 2011. Impacts of land use change on soil aggregation and aggregate stabilizing compounds as dependent on time. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(5): 1081–1088.
Spohn M and Giani L. 2010. Water-stable aggregates, glomalin-related soil protein, and carbohydrates in a chronosequence of sandy hydromorphic soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42(9): 1505–1511.
Tajik F. 2004. Assessing the aggregate stability in parts of Iran. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 8(1): 107-122.
Thomas JT, Iverson NR, Burkart MR and Kramer LA. 2004. Long-term growth of a valley bottom gully, western iowa. Earth Surf Process Land, 29: 995–1009.
Valentin C, Poesen J and Li Y. 2005. Gully erosion: impacts, factors, and control. Catena, 63: 132–153.
Valmis S, Dimoyiannis D and Danalatos NG. 2005. Assessing in Terrill erosion rate from soil aggregate instability index, rainfall intensity and slope angle on cultivated soils in central Greece. Soil and Tillage Research 80(1-2): 139–147.
Van BC. 1949. Mean weight diameter of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation. Soil Science Society of America, 14: 20–23.
Vandaele K, Poesen J, Govers G and Van Wesemael B. 1996. Geomorphic threshold conditions for ephemeral gully incision. Geomorphology, 16(2): 161–173.
Vanwalleghem T, Poesen J, Van Den Eeckhaut M, Nachtergaele J and Deckers J. 2005. Reconstructing rainfall and land-use conditions leading to the development of old gullies. Holocene, 15(3): 378–86.
Von Lützow M, Kögel-Knabner I, Ekschmitt K, Matzner E, Guggenberger G, Marschner B and Flessa H. 2006. Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions a review. European Journal of Soil Science, 57(4): 426–445.
Wasson RJ, Olive LJ and Rosewell CJ. 1996. Rates of erosion and sediment transport in Australia, Iahs Publications. 236: 139-148.
Wustamidin L and Douglas A. 1985. Aggregate breakdown in relation to raindrop energy. Soil Science, 139(3): 239-242.
Yoder RE. 1936. A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses. American Society of Agronomy, 28(5): 337–351.
Zhang S, Li Q, Zhang X, Wei K, Chen L and Liang W. 2012. Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate binding agents in black soil of northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research, 124: 196-202.
Abid M and Lal R. 2008. Tillage and drainage impact on soil quality I. aggregate stability, carbon and nitrogen pools. Soil Tillage Research, 100(1-2): 89-98.
Abiven S, Menasseri S and Chenu C. 2009. The effects of organic inputs over time on soil aggregate stability a literature analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41(1): 1–12.
Abu-Sharar TM, Bingham FT, Rhoades JD. 1986. Stability of soil aggregate as affected by electrolyte concentration and composition. Soil Science Society of America, 51(2): 309-314.
Ahmadi H. 2006. Applied geomorphology (water erosion), Tehran University Press, 435 p.
Alagöz Z and Yilmaz E. 2009. Effects of different sources of organic matter on soil aggregate formation and stability: a laboratory study on a lithic rhodoxeralf from Turkey. Soil and Tillage Research, 103(2): 419-424.
Bandyopadhyay PK, Saha S, Mani PK and Mandal B. 2010. Effects of organic inputs on aggregate associated organic carbon concentration under long-term rice–wheat cropping system. Geoderma, 154(3-4): 379–386.
Barzegar AR, Rengasamy P and Oades JM. 1995. Effect of clay type and rate of wetting on the mellowing of compacted soils. Geoderma, 68(1-2): 39-49.
Benbi DK and Senapati N. 2010. Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen stabilization in relation to residue and manure application in rice–wheat systems in northwest India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 87(2): 233–247.
Le Bissonnais Y and Arrouays D. 1997. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: ii application to humic loamy soils with various organic carbon contents. European Journal of Soil Science, 48(1): 39–48.
Blanco-Moure N, Moret-Fernandez D and Lopez MV 2012. Dynamics of aggregate destabilization by water in soils under long term conservation tillage in semiarid Spain. Catena. 99: 34– 41.
Bocco G. 2016. Gully erosion analysis: why geopedology matters? Geopedology, 24: 399–410.
Bronick CJ and Lal R. 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma, 124(1-2): 03–22.
Chaney K and Swift RS. 1984. The influence organic matter on aggregate stability in some British soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 35(2): 223–230.
Gardner WR. 1956. Representation of soil aggregate size distribution by a logarithmic-normal distribution 1,2. Soil Science Society of America, 20(2): 151–153.
Guo W, Shi ZH, Chen LD, Li CX, Yan LF and Cai CF. 2007. Effects of topsoil aggregate size on runoff and erosion at hillslope in red soils. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 6: 2516-2522.
Hillel D. 1982. Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego. 392 p.
Janeau JL, Bricquet JP, Planchon O and Valentin C. 2003. Soil crusting and infiltration on steep slopes in northern Thailand. European Journal of Soil Science, 54(3): 543–544.
John B, Yamashita T, Ludwig B and Flessa H. 2005. Storage of organic carbon in aggregate and density fractions of silty soils under different types of land use. Geoderma, 128(1-2): 63–79.
Karami A, Homaee M, Afzalinia S, Ruhipour H and Basirat S. 2012. Organic resource management: impacts on soil aggregate stability and other soil physico-chemical properties. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 148: 22–28.
Karimi H, Sufi D, Haghnia Gh and Khorasani M. 2007. Evaluation of aggregate stability and soil erosion potential in loamy and sandy clay loam soils: a case study Lamard-plain in Fars province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14(1): 1-10 p.
Kemper WD. 1965. Aggregate stability. in: black, CA. (ed.), methods of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 511–519 p.
Kemper WD and Rosenau RC. 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. in: methods of soil analysis. part 1: physical and mineralogical methods. A. Klute ed. No 9, 2nd ed. ASA, Madison, Wis, America.
Kemper WD and Chepil WS. 1965. Size distribution of aggregates. in: black, ca. ed. methods of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 499–510 p.
Knighton D. 1998. Fluvial forms and processes: a new perspective. Routledge. 31 p.
Lal R. 1990. Soil erosion and land degradation: the global risks. Advances in Soil Science, 11: 129–72.
Lal R. 1994. Soil erosion research methods. Delray Beach: St. Lucie Press. 340 p.
Li H, Han X, You M and Xing B. 2015. Organic matter associated with soil aggregate fractions of a black soil in northeast china: impacts of land-use change and long-term fertilization. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 46(4): 405-423.
Liu XB, Zhang XY, Wang YX, Sui TT, Zhang SL, Herbert SJ and Ding G. 2010. Soil degradation: a problem threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in northeast China. Plant Soil Environment, 56(2): 87–97.
Mbagwu JSC. 1989. Specific dispersion energy of soil aggregates in relation to field and laboratory measured stability indices and physical properties. Journal of East African Agricultural and Forestry, 54(9): 173-183.
Movahedi Naini A and Rezai M. 2008. Soil physics (fundamentals and application), Gorgan University Press of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 474 p.
Pirmoradian N, Sepaskhah AR, Hajabbasi MA. 2005. Application of fractal theory to quantify soil aggregate stability as influenced by tillage treatments. Biosystems Engineering, 90(2): 227–234.
Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxanomy (RGCST). 2001. Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Science Press, Beijing. 203 p.
Poesen J, Nachtergaele J, Verstraeten G and Valentin C. 2003. Gully erosion and environment change: importance and research needs. Catena, 50(2-4): 91-133.
Rachman A, Anderson SH, Gantzer CJ and Thompson AL. 2003. Influence of long-term cropping systems on soil physical properties related to soil erodibility. Soil Science Society of America, 67(2): 637-644.
Reusser L, Bierman P and Rood D. 2015. Quantifying human impacts on rates of erosion and sediment transport at a landscape scale. Geology, 43(2): 171-174.
Simansky V, Tobiaˇsova E and Chlp´ık J. 2008. Soil tillage and fertilization of orthic luvisol and their influence on chemical properties, soil structure stability and carbon distribution in water-stable macro-aggregates. Soil and Tillage Research, 100(1-2): 125–132.
Six J, Bossuyt H, Degryze S and Denef K. 2004. A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research 79(1): 7–31.
Six J, Elliott ET and Paustian K. 2000. Soil structure and soil organic matter II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Journal of Soil Science Society of America 64(3): 1042–1049.
Soane BD. 1990. The role of organic matter in soil compactibility: a review of some practical aspects. Soil and Tillage Research, 16(1-2): 179–201.
Soinne H, Hyväluoma J, Ketoja E and Turtola E. 2016. Relative importance of organic carbon, land use and moisture conditions for the aggregate stability of post-glacial clay soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 158: 1-9,
Spohn M and Giani L. 2011. Impacts of land use change on soil aggregation and aggregate stabilizing compounds as dependent on time. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(5): 1081–1088.
Spohn M and Giani L. 2010. Water-stable aggregates, glomalin-related soil protein, and carbohydrates in a chronosequence of sandy hydromorphic soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42(9): 1505–1511.
Tajik F. 2004. Assessing the aggregate stability in parts of Iran. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 8(1): 107-122.
Thomas JT, Iverson NR, Burkart MR and Kramer LA. 2004. Long-term growth of a valley bottom gully, western iowa. Earth Surf Process Land, 29: 995–1009.
Valentin C, Poesen J and Li Y. 2005. Gully erosion: impacts, factors, and control. Catena, 63: 132–153.
Valmis S, Dimoyiannis D and Danalatos NG. 2005. Assessing in Terrill erosion rate from soil aggregate instability index, rainfall intensity and slope angle on cultivated soils in central Greece. Soil and Tillage Research 80(1-2): 139–147.
Van BC. 1949. Mean weight diameter of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation. Soil Science Society of America, 14: 20–23.
Vandaele K, Poesen J, Govers G and Van Wesemael B. 1996. Geomorphic threshold conditions for ephemeral gully incision. Geomorphology, 16(2): 161–173.
Vanwalleghem T, Poesen J, Van Den Eeckhaut M, Nachtergaele J and Deckers J. 2005. Reconstructing rainfall and land-use conditions leading to the development of old gullies. Holocene, 15(3): 378–86.
Von Lützow M, Kögel-Knabner I, Ekschmitt K, Matzner E, Guggenberger G, Marschner B and Flessa H. 2006. Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions a review. European Journal of Soil Science, 57(4): 426–445.
Wasson RJ, Olive LJ and Rosewell CJ. 1996. Rates of erosion and sediment transport in Australia, Iahs Publications. 236: 139-148.
Wustamidin L and Douglas A. 1985. Aggregate breakdown in relation to raindrop energy. Soil Science, 139(3): 239-242.
Yoder RE. 1936. A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses. American Society of Agronomy, 28(5): 337–351.
Zhang S, Li Q, Zhang X, Wei K, Chen L and Liang W. 2012. Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate binding agents in black soil of northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research, 124: 196-202.
Published
2018-05-10
How to Cite
Shokrlu, A. N., Pajoohesh, M., & Gigloo, B. F. (2018). The effect of aggregates stability and physico-chemical properties of gullies’ soil: a case study of Ghori-chai watershed in the Ardabil province, Iran. Journal of Research in Biology, 8(3), 2473 -2485. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/468
Section
Articles
