Effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Rainbow trout
Keywords:
growth, feed efficiency, energy, body composition, rainbow trout
Abstract
In order to compare the growth performance of trout with two extruded foods and their impact on body composition, an experimental test was conducted from June 1 to October 5, 2010 at National Center of Hydrobiology and Fish Culture. The comparison of the two foods with different formulation and different energy is perfomed in isoenergetic conditions. Following this study, two diets were formulated : the extruded diet A with 41% crude protein, 27% fat and 20% carbohydrates and the extruded food B with 39.7% CP, 24% fat and 15,7 carbohydrates, with digestible energy respectively of 21.32 Mj and 19.32 Mj. The initial average weight of the trouts was 100 g from the same batch of eggs. They were divided randomly into six fiberglass conical tanks at open circuit . The diet was assigned to six tanks for 50 fish each with three replicates for each diet and the experiment was conducted for 127 days.
The ratio DP/DE of diet influenced feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate (p<0.05) . The best FCR was obtained with the extruded food A with 1.18 v.s 1.26. The higher IV was obtained with the low DP/DE (p<0.05). Final whole-body lipid content was positively related to dietary lipid levels and to digestible energy. Better retention of protein was obtained by the diet A.
This study is consistent with current trends in the nutrition of fish and salmonids especially designed to reduce the ratio of DP/DE in order to have better perfomances of growth and a better quality of the fish.
References
Aba M, Belghyti D, Elkharrim K, Benabid M, Elguamri Y and Maychal A. 2011a. Effects of two pressed and extruded foods on growth performance and flesh quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sciencelib Editions Mersenne, 3, N°111004.
Aba M, Belghyti D, Benabid M. 2011b. Effects of two pressed and extruded foods on growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their environmental impacts. Sciencelib Editions Mersenne Volume 3, N ° 111205.
Aba M, Belghyti D, Elkharrim K, Benabid M and Maychal A. 2012. Effects of Pressed and Extruded Foods on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 11(2):104-109.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 1990. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edition. AOAC, Arlington, Virgina, USA.
Azevedo PA, Leeson S, Cho CY, Bureau DP. 2004. Growth and feed utilization of large size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in freshwater: diet and species effects, and responses over time. Aquac. Nutr., 10:401-411.
Boujard T. 2004. Aquaculture Environnement. Les dossiers de l’environnement de l’INRA n°26, Paris, 110.
Brett JR. et Groves TDD. 1979. Physiological energetics. Fish Physiology , Vol. VIII (eds W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall & J.R. Brett), 279-352. Academic Press, New York.
Bureau D. 2006. Rendered Products In Fish Aquaculture Feeds, In Essential Rendering All About The Animal By-Products Industry. 179-194.
Chaiyapechara S, Casten MT, Hardy RW and Dong FM. 2003. Fish performance, fillet characteristics, and health assessment index of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing adequate and high concentration of lipid and vitamin E. Aquaculture, 219:715-738.
De Francesco, Giuliana Parisi, Françoise Medale and Paola Lupi. 2004. Effect of long-term feeding with a plant protein mixture based diet on growth and body/fillet quality traits of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 236:413-429.
De Silva SS, Gunasekera RM, Shim KF. 1991. Interactions of varying dietary protein and lipid levels in young red tilapia: evidence of protein sparing. Aquaculture 95:305-318.
Dias J, Corraze G. Arzel J, Alvarez MJ, Bautista JM, Lopez-Bote C and Kaushik SJ. 1999. Nutritional control of lipid deposition in rainbow trout and European seabass: Effect of dietary protein/energy ratio. Cybium, 23:127-137.
Eliason EJ, Higgs DA, Farrell AP. 2007. Effect of isoenergetic diets with different protein and lipid content on the growth performance and heat increment of rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 272:723–736.
Folch : Folch J, Lees M and Sloane-Stanley GHS. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 226:497-509.
Gelineau A, Corraze G, Boujard T, Larroquet L and Kaushik S. 2001. Relation between dietary lipid level and voluntary feed intake, growth, nutrient gain, lipid deposition and hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development, 41:487-503.
Hardy RW and Barrows FT. 2002. Diet formulation and manufacture. In: Fish Nutrition. J.E. Halver and R.W. Hardy (eds.),3rd edition. London:Academic Press. 505-600.
Jobling M, Koskela J and Salvolainen R. 1998. Influence of dietary fat level and increased adiposity on growth and fat deposition in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, 29:601-607.
Kaushik SJ, Medale F. 1994. Energy requirements,utilization and dietary supply to salmonids. Aquaculture. 124:81-97.
Kaushik SJ. 2000. Feed formulation, diet development and feed technology CIHEAM, 43-51.
Kim JD and Kaushik SJ. 1992. Contribution of digestible energy from carbohydrates and estimation of protein/energy requirements for growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 106:161-169.
Lanari D, D'Agaro E and Ballestrazzi R. 1995. Effect of dietary DP/DE ratio on apparent digestibility, growth and nitrogen and phosphorus retention in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Nutrition, 1:105-110.
Lupatsch I, Kissil GWM, Sklan D, Pfeffer E. 1998. Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquacult. Nutr., 4:165-173.
Lupatsch I, Kissil Gwm, Sklan D, Pfeffer E. 2001. Effects of varying dietary protein and energy supply on growth, body composition and protein utilization in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquacult. Nutr. 7:71-80.
Médale F, Brauge C, Vallée F and Kaushik SJ. 1995. Effects of dietary protein/energy ratio, ration size,dietary energy source and water temperature on nitrogen excretion in rainbow trout. Water Science and Technology, 31:185-194.
Medale F. 2009. Protein sources in feed for farmed fish. Agricultures, 18:103-111.
Medale F. 2010. Nutritional quality of fish flesh lipids as affected by farming practices. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique, 45:267-273.
Morrow MD, Higgs D, Kennedy CJ. 2004. The effects of diet composition and ration on biotransformation enzymes and stress parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp.Biochem. Physiol., Part C 137:143-154.
National Research Council (NRC). 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Pirini M, Gatta PP, Testi S, Trigari G and Monetti PG. 2000. Effect of refrigerated storage on muscle lipid quality of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed on diets containing different levels of vitamin E. Food Chemistry, 68:289-293.
R. Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Richard N, Kaushik SJ, Larroquet L, Panserat an S, Corraze G. 2006. Replacing dietary fish oil vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br. J. Nutr., 96:200-309.
Ricker WE. 1979. Growth rates and models. In: W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall and J.R. Brett (Eds.), Fish Physiology Vol. VIII: Bioenergetics and Growth.Academic Press, New York: 677-743.
Ruohonen K and Kettunen J. 2004. Effective experimental designs for optimizing fish feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition 10:145-151.
Skalli A, Hidalgo MC, Abellan E, Arizcun M, Cardenete G. 2004. Effects of the dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth and nutrient utilization in common dentex (Dentex dentex L.) at different growth stages. Aquaculture 235:1-11.
Quillet E, Guillou S, Aubin J, Labbé L. Fauconneau B and Médale F. 2007. Response of a lean muscle and a fat muscle rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) line on growth, nutrient utilization, body composition and carcass traits when fed two different diets. Aquaculture, 269:220-231.
Watanabe T. 1982. Lipid nutrition in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology.73:3-15.
Watanabe T. 2002. Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds. Fish Sci., 68:242-52.
Yildiz M. 2004. The Study of Fillet Quality and the Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed with Diets Containing Different Amounts of Vitamin E. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 4:81-86 (2004).
Aba M, Belghyti D, Benabid M. 2011b. Effects of two pressed and extruded foods on growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their environmental impacts. Sciencelib Editions Mersenne Volume 3, N ° 111205.
Aba M, Belghyti D, Elkharrim K, Benabid M and Maychal A. 2012. Effects of Pressed and Extruded Foods on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 11(2):104-109.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 1990. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edition. AOAC, Arlington, Virgina, USA.
Azevedo PA, Leeson S, Cho CY, Bureau DP. 2004. Growth and feed utilization of large size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in freshwater: diet and species effects, and responses over time. Aquac. Nutr., 10:401-411.
Boujard T. 2004. Aquaculture Environnement. Les dossiers de l’environnement de l’INRA n°26, Paris, 110.
Brett JR. et Groves TDD. 1979. Physiological energetics. Fish Physiology , Vol. VIII (eds W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall & J.R. Brett), 279-352. Academic Press, New York.
Bureau D. 2006. Rendered Products In Fish Aquaculture Feeds, In Essential Rendering All About The Animal By-Products Industry. 179-194.
Chaiyapechara S, Casten MT, Hardy RW and Dong FM. 2003. Fish performance, fillet characteristics, and health assessment index of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing adequate and high concentration of lipid and vitamin E. Aquaculture, 219:715-738.
De Francesco, Giuliana Parisi, Françoise Medale and Paola Lupi. 2004. Effect of long-term feeding with a plant protein mixture based diet on growth and body/fillet quality traits of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 236:413-429.
De Silva SS, Gunasekera RM, Shim KF. 1991. Interactions of varying dietary protein and lipid levels in young red tilapia: evidence of protein sparing. Aquaculture 95:305-318.
Dias J, Corraze G. Arzel J, Alvarez MJ, Bautista JM, Lopez-Bote C and Kaushik SJ. 1999. Nutritional control of lipid deposition in rainbow trout and European seabass: Effect of dietary protein/energy ratio. Cybium, 23:127-137.
Eliason EJ, Higgs DA, Farrell AP. 2007. Effect of isoenergetic diets with different protein and lipid content on the growth performance and heat increment of rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 272:723–736.
Folch : Folch J, Lees M and Sloane-Stanley GHS. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 226:497-509.
Gelineau A, Corraze G, Boujard T, Larroquet L and Kaushik S. 2001. Relation between dietary lipid level and voluntary feed intake, growth, nutrient gain, lipid deposition and hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development, 41:487-503.
Hardy RW and Barrows FT. 2002. Diet formulation and manufacture. In: Fish Nutrition. J.E. Halver and R.W. Hardy (eds.),3rd edition. London:Academic Press. 505-600.
Jobling M, Koskela J and Salvolainen R. 1998. Influence of dietary fat level and increased adiposity on growth and fat deposition in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, 29:601-607.
Kaushik SJ, Medale F. 1994. Energy requirements,utilization and dietary supply to salmonids. Aquaculture. 124:81-97.
Kaushik SJ. 2000. Feed formulation, diet development and feed technology CIHEAM, 43-51.
Kim JD and Kaushik SJ. 1992. Contribution of digestible energy from carbohydrates and estimation of protein/energy requirements for growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 106:161-169.
Lanari D, D'Agaro E and Ballestrazzi R. 1995. Effect of dietary DP/DE ratio on apparent digestibility, growth and nitrogen and phosphorus retention in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Nutrition, 1:105-110.
Lupatsch I, Kissil GWM, Sklan D, Pfeffer E. 1998. Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquacult. Nutr., 4:165-173.
Lupatsch I, Kissil Gwm, Sklan D, Pfeffer E. 2001. Effects of varying dietary protein and energy supply on growth, body composition and protein utilization in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquacult. Nutr. 7:71-80.
Médale F, Brauge C, Vallée F and Kaushik SJ. 1995. Effects of dietary protein/energy ratio, ration size,dietary energy source and water temperature on nitrogen excretion in rainbow trout. Water Science and Technology, 31:185-194.
Medale F. 2009. Protein sources in feed for farmed fish. Agricultures, 18:103-111.
Medale F. 2010. Nutritional quality of fish flesh lipids as affected by farming practices. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique, 45:267-273.
Morrow MD, Higgs D, Kennedy CJ. 2004. The effects of diet composition and ration on biotransformation enzymes and stress parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp.Biochem. Physiol., Part C 137:143-154.
National Research Council (NRC). 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Pirini M, Gatta PP, Testi S, Trigari G and Monetti PG. 2000. Effect of refrigerated storage on muscle lipid quality of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed on diets containing different levels of vitamin E. Food Chemistry, 68:289-293.
R. Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Richard N, Kaushik SJ, Larroquet L, Panserat an S, Corraze G. 2006. Replacing dietary fish oil vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br. J. Nutr., 96:200-309.
Ricker WE. 1979. Growth rates and models. In: W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall and J.R. Brett (Eds.), Fish Physiology Vol. VIII: Bioenergetics and Growth.Academic Press, New York: 677-743.
Ruohonen K and Kettunen J. 2004. Effective experimental designs for optimizing fish feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition 10:145-151.
Skalli A, Hidalgo MC, Abellan E, Arizcun M, Cardenete G. 2004. Effects of the dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth and nutrient utilization in common dentex (Dentex dentex L.) at different growth stages. Aquaculture 235:1-11.
Quillet E, Guillou S, Aubin J, Labbé L. Fauconneau B and Médale F. 2007. Response of a lean muscle and a fat muscle rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) line on growth, nutrient utilization, body composition and carcass traits when fed two different diets. Aquaculture, 269:220-231.
Watanabe T. 1982. Lipid nutrition in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology.73:3-15.
Watanabe T. 2002. Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds. Fish Sci., 68:242-52.
Yildiz M. 2004. The Study of Fillet Quality and the Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed with Diets Containing Different Amounts of Vitamin E. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 4:81-86 (2004).
Published
2012-08-07
How to Cite
Mustapha, A., Driss, B., Khadija, E., Mohammed, B., & Aboulfaraj, S. (2012). Effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Rainbow trout. Journal of Research in Biology, 2(6), 558-565. Retrieved from https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/ojs1/index.php/jrb/article/view/249
Section
Articles
